Sulphur Creek (California)

Sulphur Creek is a 4.5-mile (7.2 km) tributary of Aliso Creek in Orange County in the U.S. state of California.[2] The creek drains about 6 square miles (16 km2) of residential communities and parks in the southern San Joaquin Hills.

Sulphur Creek
Cañada Salada, Arroyo Salada
In Laguna Niguel Regional Park
Map of Aliso Creek watershed with Sulphur Creek subwatershed highlighted
Location
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountiesOrange County
CitiesLaguna Hills, Laguna Niguel, San Juan Capistrano
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationConvergence of several storm drain outlets, Laguna Hills
 • coordinates33°33′33″N 117°41′04″W[1]
 • elevation190 ft (58 m)[1]
MouthAliso Creek just above the beginning of Aliso and Wood Canyons Regional Park and downstream of Laguna Niguel Regional Park
 • location
Laguna Niguel
 • coordinates
33°32′32″N 117°42′16″W[1]
 • elevation
58 ft (18 m)[1]
Length4.8 mi (7.7 km)[2]
Basin size6 sq mi (16 km2)[3]
Discharge 
 • locationAlicia Parkway culvert, 130 yards (120 m) above the mouth
 • average2.3 cu ft/s (0.065 m3/s)
 • minimum0 cu ft/s (0 m3/s)
 • maximum2,000 cu ft/s (57 m3/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftNiguel Storm Drain
 • rightNarco Channel

The Sulphur Creek watershed was once part of the territory of the semi-nomadic Acjachemen Native Americans, who were conquered by Spanish conquistadors in the 17th and 18th centuries and called the Juaneño after nearby Mission San Juan Capistrano. During the 19th century, the watershed became part of a rancho and was mostly agricultural and range land until the 1960s, when suburban residential development began in the watershed. Sulphur Creek Dam was built in 1966, forming Laguna Niguel Lake.

Today, the Sulphur Creek drainage basin includes parts of Laguna Niguel, Laguna Hills, and San Juan Capistrano.[4] The creek also flows through parts of Laguna Niguel Regional Park and Aliso and Wood Canyons Regional Park. Urban runoff has changed the once seasonal creek into a permanent stream. Most of the creek has been channelized to control flooding and prevent erosion, although some sections still include riparian habitat.

Course

The creek begins at the outlet of a storm channel near the intersection of Crown Valley Parkway and Greenfield Drive, and flows in a southwesterly direction parallel to Crown Valley Parkway.[5] The upper section of the creek is a narrow corridor of restored wetland, with the exception of concrete culverts under Moulton Parkway, Nueva Vista Drive and La Paz Road.[6] Below La Paz Road the creek flows in a concrete channel about 4 feet (1.2 m) wide, although the banks remain in a natural state.[7]

The creek makes a sharp turn to the north at Crown Valley Park, where it receives two small tributaries from the left, the Niguel Storm Drain[3][8] and a smaller unnamed stream. The creek then flows north through a narrow valley, past the South Orange County Wastewater Authority (SOCWA) water treatment plant in a large concrete channel which reverts to a natural channel in Laguna Niguel Regional Park. The earth-filled Sulphur Creek Dam forms Laguna Niguel Lake (formerly known as Sulphur Creek Reservoir), which covers 44 acres (18 ha) and is about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long.[3][9][10]

The creek exits the dam from the concrete spillway on the east side and flows through the middle of Laguna Niguel Regional Park. About a half-mile (0.8 km) below Sulphur Creek Dam, it is joined by North Sulphur Creek (also known as Narco Channel).[11][12] North Sulphur Creek, which has mostly been channeled underground, is a major source of pollution in Sulphur Creek and lower Aliso Creek.[3][13] Sulphur Creek then runs west, passing Kite Hill and flows in a culvert under Alicia Parkway. Below this point it flows through a small canyon and receives an unnamed tributary from the left, before joining Aliso Creek at the edge of Aliso and Wood Canyons Wilderness Park.[3][14]

Geology

About ten million years ago, much of western and southern Orange County and most of coastal Southern California was part of a warm and shallow sea.[15] This sea receded over time, leaving a large and flat coastal plain. Over 1.22 million years ago, the uplift of the San Joaquin Hills began along a blind thrust fault that stretches north into the Los Angeles Basin, eventually rising to an average of 500 to 700 feet (150 to 210 m) above sea level, with the highest peaks topping out at about 1,000 feet (300 m).[16] Rising at about 0.6 to 0.8 feet (0.18 to 0.24 m) per one thousand years, a series of marine terraces formed along with the hills' uplift.[17] This uplift changed the course of Sulphur Creek to run north to Aliso Creek, instead of flowing south to Salt Creek (see Watershed).

River sediments helped to create the broad and flat terrain and river valleys between the San Joaquin Hills and the much higher Santa Ana Mountains to the east. Sulphur Creek's watershed is located in a southern area of the San Joaquin Hills where many smaller hills have formed in a wider area instead of a single, tall, narrow mountain chain.[18] These lower hills are composed primarily of sedimentary rocks and date from the Miocene period.[19] The oldest rocks in this area are referred to as the Vaqueros Formation, while the younger are named the Monterey Formation.[20] This hilly area is drained by Sulphur Creek to the northwest, Salt Creek to the south, small and unnamed coastal canyons to the southwest, and small tributaries of Trabuco and Oso Creeks to the east. This area is located northwest of the San Juan Creek valley, southeast of the Aliso Creek valley, and west of the Oso Creek drainage.[14][21]

Watershed
Concrete channel of Sulphur Creek upstream of Laguna Niguel Lake

The Sulphur Creek watershed encompasses about 6 square miles (16 km2) in the southeast corner of the 35-square-mile (91 km2) Aliso Creek watershed. Primarily residential, it is bordered on the north by the Aliso Hills Channel drainage area (tributary to Aliso Creek), on the south and southwest by the basin of Salt Creek, and to the west by the Oso Creek watershed, a tributary basin of the Trabuco Creek watershed. Most of the basin of Sulphur Creek is hilly, and the topography has been heavily changed by suburban development.[22] Several canyons that originally drained into the creek have been filled in order to build residential communities. Storm channels and drains are often built along the original course of these canyons.


History
Further information: Aliso Creek (Orange County) § First inhabitants, and Aliso Creek (Orange County) § 20th-century to present

Located to the southwest of Aliso Creek, Sulphur Creek historically lay in the territory of the Acjachemen Indian group, whose main population center was actually farther south, at the confluence of San Juan and Trabuco creeks.[23] A nearby village, Niguili, was located near the mouth of Aliso Creek likely near the confluence of Aliso and Sulphur Creeks. Present-day Laguna Niguel takes its name from this settlement.[24] The Acjachemen were renamed the Juaneño by Spanish priests in the 18th century, who established a mission at the present-day location of San Juan Capistrano. Following the Spanish arrival, most Juaneño clustered around the mission in the south. Like many other once widespread Juaneño villages, Niguili was likely abandoned soon after, and there is no trace of it remaining.

From 1842 to the 1960s, the entire land area was known as Rancho Niguel, a Mexican land grant originally belonging to Juan Avila. Eventually, after passing through several ownerships, the ranch was purchased in 1881 by Lewis Moulton and Jean Pierre Daguerre, who expanded it to 21,000 acres (85 km2).[25] By the 1960s, the City of Laguna Niguel bought a large portion of the ranch from the Moulton family; it was later donated to the county for recreational use.[26] Resultantly, the upper and lower sections of the creek are now under county ownership, and Laguna Niguel Lake is managed by the Orange County Flood Control District.

In the 1950s, a large dam, about 485 feet (148 m) long and 42 feet (13 m) high, was raised across lower Sulphur Creek by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to create Laguna Niguel Lake. This flooded 1.5 miles (2.4 km) and 44 acres (0.18 km2) of the original course of the creek, creating a 520 acre foot (640,000 m3) impoundment. This lake was annually stocked with fish, and by the 1960s, residential communities began to rise on the hills west of the main (southward-flowing) segment of the creek, while increasingly contaminated urban runoff began to contribute to the creek's flow. These hills originally consisted of high, narrow ridges dissected by steep but shallow and short canyons but were leveled to make way for buildings. In 1973 the 236-acre (0.96 km2) Laguna Niguel Regional Park was established in the lower third of the creek course, covering the extent of the creek from the head of Laguna Niguel Lake to where the creek crosses Alicia Parkway through a large culvert. In 1990 the final reach of the creek became part of Aliso and Wood Canyons Regional Park.[27]

Environmental features and issues

Historically, the Sulphur Creek watershed was mostly hilly terrain consisting of chaparral and coastal sage scrub. Riparian forest likely consisting of live oak, sycamore, alder and other small trees lined the banks of the stream.[28] Most of this native habitat was cleared for housing beginning in the 1960s, although a few undeveloped areas remain along hillsides, especially around Laguna Niguel Regional Park.

Arundo is the dominant invasive plant species in the Sulphur Creek watershed, and is prevalent along many Orange County streams.

A number of exotic plant species have been introduced to the Sulphur Creek watershed including Arundo donax (giant reed), castor bean and tobacco tree. Arundo is especially problematic as it tends to crowd out other plant species, reducing habitat for native animals as well.[29] It can grow extremely fast with a high rate of water consumption, and during flood events, arundo segments can be washed downstream, establishing new colonies.[30]

While no raw sewage flows into the creek, the creek is contaminated by large quantities of urban runoff from impervious paved surfaces that collects toxins before pouring untreated into the creek. Such untreated runoff has caused contamination by E. coli and Enterovirus, making the water unsafe for human contact.[31] The County of Orange estimates that 87 percent of the Sulphur Creek course is "severely degraded."[32] Increasing concentrations of nutrients from fertilizer and other pollutants in urban runoff have caused algae blooms and eutrophication in the creek above Laguna Niguel Lake.[33][34]

Several projects are under way in the Sulphur Creek watershed to remove non-native species and restore native riparian vegetation.[35]

Aliso and Wood Canyons Regional Park, which is located at the lower extreme of Sulphur Creek, supports far more native species than the Sulphur Creek watershed.[36]

Recreation
Main article: Laguna Niguel Lake

Laguna Niguel Lake is the primary recreational facility in the watershed and is said to be one of the largest fisheries of Southern Orange County. The lake is annually stocked with bluegill, catfish, and bass.[37] Aside from the reservoir, there is no body of water in the watershed that is navigable. There are several other parks in the watershed; these are Crown Valley Park, Sulphur Creek Park, and others. A paved trail follows Sulphur Creek from near the terminus of Crown Valley Park to near its mouth at Alicia Parkway.[26]

Etymology
Map of Aliso Creek watershed showing named cities

The Geographic Names Information System lists "Arroyo Salada" (Spanish: Salt Canyon) as a variant name.[1] Cañada Salada, translated to "Valley of Salt" or "Salt Canyon" (Durham's Place Names of the Greater Los Angeles Area, 2001) is another name for the lower section of the creek.[2] These names, dating to Spanish times, imply that the creek was naturally salty or briny. As Salt Creek to the south bears a name of similar meaning, and that the "Arroyo Salada" Storm Channel occupies the lower section of the prehistoric Sulphur Creek watershed, there is further proof by salt concentrations that the two watersheds were once linked (see Watershed).

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gollark: It shall be called... *the lagworlds*.
gollark: Though that's a great idea which I should start doing. I shall make a dimension filled entirely with nuclear fuel fluids and molten salt reactor components.
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See also

References

Notes
  1. "Sulphur Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
  2. Durham, p.176
  3. "Aliso Creek Watershed and Elevation Ranges". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
  4. "Aliso Creek Watershed - City/County Boundaries". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
  5. Aliso Creek Watershed Management Plan, Chapter 3 - section Sulphur Creek Ecosystem Restoration
  6. "Aliso Creek Section 13224 Directive Monitoring Sites (Map)" (PDF). Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. Aliso Creek 8th Quarterly Progress Report. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  7. "Upper Sulphur Creek Restoration Project" (PDF). California Coastal Conservancy. www.coastalconservancy.ca.gov. 27 January 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2007. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
  8. "7th Quarter Executive Summary" (PDF). Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. ocwatershed.com. 2002. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  9. "Sulphur Creek Reservoir". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
  10. "Assessment of BMP (Biological Management Practices) Effectiveness" (PDF). Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. OC Watersheds Annual Status Report 2002, Section 14. 2002. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  11. "Appendix C: CAO 99 - 211 JO3PO2 (Sulphur Creek) Quarterly Progress Report (Page 2)" (PDF). Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatershed.com. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  12. "SR-73 Extension, San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor, Between I-5, San Juan Capistrano, and Jamboree Road, Newport Beach, Orange County: Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 1". Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  13. Mehta, Seema (27 January 2001). "Viruses Found in Water Running to Aliso Creek". The Los Angeles Times. articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
  14. Map of Sulphur Creek (Map). Cartography by NAVTEQ. Google Maps. 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  15. Lebow, Ruth (May 1999). "Southern California Geology". Fragile Habitats of Southern California. Urban Education Partnership. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  16. Fritsche and Behl, p. 91-102
  17. Grant, Lisa B.; Mueller, Karl J.; Gath, Eldon M.; Cheng, Hai; Edweards, R. Lawrence; Munro, Rosalind; Kennedy, George L. (November 1999). "Late Quaternary uplift and earthquake potential of the San Joaquin Hills, southern Los Angeles basin, California" (PDF). University of California, Irvine, Department of Environmental Analysis; University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Geological Sciences; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Department of Geology and Geophyiscs; Leighton and Associates; San Diego State University, Department of Geoloogical Sciences. California Institute for Hazards Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  18. Corby, p. 23
  19. Corby, p. 25
  20. Corby, pp. 25-29
  21. "Introduction to Watersheds of Orange County, California". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-28. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
  22. "Sulphur Creek Restoration: Contract Summary". State Water Resources Control Board. www.swrcb.ca.gov. 15 July 2004. p. 1. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
  23. Cameron, Constance. "Determining Tribal Boundaries Through Potsherds - An Archaeological Perspective" (PDF). Pacific Coast Archaeological Society. PCAS Quarterly, 35 (2 & 3), Spring and Summer 1999. p. 2. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  24. "Niguel Shores - A History: Historical Notes on the Monarch Beach Area" (PDF). niguelshores.org. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
  25. Armor, p. 306
  26. "Laguna Niguel Regional Park History". OC Parks: Regional Parks. Archived from the original on 2009-02-08. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  27. Orange County Parks. "Aliso & Wood Canyons Park". OC Parks: Wilderness Parks. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  28. Aliso Creek - Watershed Management Plan, Chapter 2 - section Loss of Floodplain Habitat
  29. Rieger, John P.; Kreager, D. Ann (1989). "Giant Reed (Arundo Donax): A Climax Community of the Riparian Zone" (PDF). California Riparian Systems Conference. United States Forest Service. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  30. Aliso Creek - Watershed Management Plan, Chapter 2 - section Non-Native Species
  31. "Aliso Creek Watershed Chapter, Appendix D" (PDF). Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. p. D-42. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  32. "Aliso Creek Watershed - Watershed Action Plan Strategy Table - General Activities (Page 6)" (PDF). Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  33. Aliso Creek -Watershed Management Plan, Chapter 2 - section Decrease/Disappearance of Aquatic Species
  34. "South Orange County Integrated Regional Water Management Plan" (PDF). Santa Margarita Water District. www.smwd.com. May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-02. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
  35. Aliso Creek Watershed Management Plan, Chapter 3 - section Exotic Species Eradication Program
  36. Thomas, Kevin; Thomas, Scott; Quirk, Joanne; Homrighausen, Art; Lafler, Laura; Guiler, Shanna; Dangermond, Pete; Collett, Brian; Flowers, Dale (2006-02-21). "Aliso and Wood Canyons Wilderness Park" (PDF). OC Parks; LSA Associates Inc.; The Dangermond Group; County of Orange Resources and Development Management Department. www.ocparks.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  37. Orange County Parks. "Laguna Niguel Regional Park". OC Parks: Regional Parks. Retrieved 2009-08-02.

Works cited
  • "Aliso Creek - Water Management Plan - Chapter 2". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  • "Aliso Creek - Water Management Plan - Chapter 3". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
  • Armor, Samuel (1921). History of Orange County, California. Historic Record Co.
  • Carle, David (2005). Introduction to Water in California. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24086-3.
  • Corby, Grant White (1922). The geology and paleontology of the San Joaquin and Niguel Hills, Orange County, California. Stanford University.
  • Durham, David L. (2001). Durham's Place Names of Greater Los Angeles. Quill Driver Books. ISBN 1-884995-28-4.
  • Fritsche, A. Eugene; Behl, Richard J (2008). Geology of Orange County, California and the Irvine Ranch National Natural Landmark. Pacific Section, SEPM - The Society for Sedimentary Geology. ISBN 1-878861-99-9.

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