Stork-billed kingfisher

The stork-billed kingfisher (Pelargopsis capensis), is a tree kingfisher which is widely but sparsely distributed in the tropical Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India to Indonesia. This kingfisher is resident throughout its range.

Stork-billed kingfisher
From Baranagar, India. The shape of its bill resembles that of a stork.

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Coraciiformes
Family: Alcedinidae
Subfamily: Halcyoninae
Genus: Pelargopsis
Species:
P. capensis
Binomial name
Pelargopsis capensis
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms
  • Alcedo capensis Linnaeus, 1766
  • Halcyon capensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
Pelargopsis capensis burmanica by Keulemans

It is a very large kingfisher, measuring 35 cm (14 in) in length.[2] The adult has a green back, blue wings and tail, and olive-brown head. Its underparts and neck are buff. The very large bill and legs are bright red. The flight of the stork-billed kingfisher is laboured and flapping, but direct. Sexes are similar. There are 13 races or subspecies, differing mostly in plumage detail, but P. c. gigantea of the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines has a white head, neck and underparts. The call of this noisy kingfisher is a low and far reaching peer-por-por repeated about every 5 seconds, as well cackling ke-ke-ke-ke-ke-ke.[3]

The stork-billed kingfisher lives in a variety of well-wooded habitats near lakes, rivers, or coasts. It perches quietly whilst seeking food, and is often inconspicuous despite its size. It is territorial and will chase away eagles and other large predators. This species hunts fish, frogs, crabs, rodents and young birds.

Adults dig their nests in river banks, decaying trees, or tree termite nests. A clutch of two to five round white eggs is typical.

Taxonomy
P. c. capensis at Ranthambore National Park

The first formal description of the stork-billed kingfisher was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae. He coined the binomial name Alcedo capensis.[4] Linnaeus based his description on Mathurin Jacques Brisson's "Le martin-pescheur du Cap de Bonne Espérance". Brisson believed his specimen had come from the Cape of Good Hope region of South Africa.[5] The species does not occur in Africa and it was suggested that the specimen had been obtained on the Indonesian island of Java.[6][7][8] The specimen is now known to have come from near Chandannagar in West Bengal, India.[9][10] Linnaeus's specific epithet capensis denotes the Cape of Good Hope.[11] The current genus Pelargopsis was introduced by the German zoologist Constantin Gloger in 1841.[12]

Thirteen subspecies are recognised:[13]

The insular forms nesoeca on the Nias and Batu Islands as well as isoptera on Mentawai Island are here subsumed within sodalis. Prior to the change of type locality to Chandannagar, the birds in India were placed in the subspecies gurial but this race is now synonymized with the nominate race capensis.[10]

gollark: The LWSS was considered.
gollark: By doctors.
gollark: Results in the journal of osmarks research™ never fail to replicate.
gollark: Something something replication crisis something something bad.
gollark: Just average them.

References
  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Pelargopsis capensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Ali, Sálim (1996). The Book of Indian Birds (12th ed.). Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society. ISBN 0-19-563731-3.
  3. Fry, C.Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (2000). Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers. London, Eng.: Christopher Helm Publishers. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-0-7136-5206-2. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  4. Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Volume 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 180.
  5. Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés: Supplement d'Ornithologie. Volume 4. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 488, Plate 36 Fig. 3.
  6. Sharpe, R.B. (1870). "On the genus Pelargopsis, Gloger". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 61–69 [66].
  7. Oberholser, Harry C. (1909). "Revision of the kingfisher genus Ramphalcyon (Pelargopsis)". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 35: 657-680 [663-665]. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.1657.657.
  8. Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 187.
  9. Stresemann, Erwin (1952). "On the birds collected by Pierre Poivre in Canton, Manila, India and Madagascar (1751–1756)". Ibis. 94 (3): 499–523. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01847.x.
  10. Woodall, P.F.; Kirwan, G.M. (2017). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Stork-billed Kingfisher (Pelargopsis capensis)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  11. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  12. Gloger, Constantin Wilhelm Lambert. Gemeinnütziges Hand- und Hilfsbuch der Naturgeschichte (in German). Breslau: A. Schulz. p. 338.
  13. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers". World Bird List Version 7.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
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