Stephen Fuchs

Stephen Fuchs (April 30, 1908 — January 17, 2000) was an Austrian catholic missionary and anthropologist who researched the ethnology and prehistory of India. After obtaining a Ph.D. in ethnology and indology from the University of Vienna in 1950, Fuchs moved to India where he assisted in founding the Department of Anthropology at St. Xavier's College in Mumbai. After a brief imprisonment for being misidentified as a German missionary by the British government during World War II, Fuchs co–founded the Indian Branch of the Anthropos Institute, later renamed the Institute of Indian Culture. Fuchs, because of health concerns, moved to Austria in 1996 and died at the age of 91 in Mödling, Austria.

Stephen Fuchs
Born(1908-04-30)April 30, 1908
Bruck an der Mur, Styria, Austria
DiedJanuary 17, 2000(2000-01-17) (aged 91)
St. Gabriel, Mödling, Austria
NationalityAustrian[1]
OccupationAnthropologist[2]
Known forResearch on the cultures of tribal and dalit peoples of India
Board member ofex–editorial board member of Asian Folklore Studies
AwardsCross of Honour for Science and Art, First Class
Academic background
EducationDoctor of Philosophy
Alma materUniversity of Vienna
InfluencesWilhelm Schmidt
Academic work
DisciplineAnthropology
Sub-disciplineEthnology
Ethnography
Institutionsco–founder and ex–director of Institute of Indian Culture, Mumbai[3]
Main interestsEthnology and prehistory of India

In his research, Fuchs conducted field studies in Central India. He particularly focused on the customs and beliefs of modern Indian tribes. Originally when he moved to India, he focused solely on the social and cultural customs of modern day central Indian tribes, but after co–founding the Institute of Indian Culture, Fuchs also focused on the cultures of ancient India, back to India's original inhabitants. Fuchs wrote a variety of books at his various positions, receiving generally mixed reviews from other academics.

Early life and education

Fuchs was born on 30 April 1908 at Bruck an der Mur in Styria, Austria.[4] Later, his family moved to Graz, where he studied at the advanced mission high school of the Society of the Divine Word (SVD) from 1922 to 1927.[5]

He joined the SVD in 1927,[4] and studied philosophy at St. Augustine in Bonn, Germany from 1927 to 1930, and theology at St. Gabriel in Mödling, Austria from 1930 to 1934. In Mödling, he also took linguistics classes from Wilhelm Schmidt who taught ethnology and linguistics at the seminary of St. Gabriel.[5] It was after coming in contact with Schmidt that he decided to become an anthropologist.[4]

Later in 1934, he was ordained and appointed by the SVD to one of its mission[5] that was opened in 1932 at Indore, Madhya Pradesh in India. In India, he learned English, Hindi, and the local dialects of Madhya Pradesh, before carrying out studies and fieldwork in central India.[4] In 1947, SVD's general chapter decided that there should be an ethnologist in each of the mission areas to facilitate the mission's tasks, and consequently, he was asked to study ethnology and execute studies in India.[5] He went back to Austria in 1948 and began studying at the University of Vienna for a Ph.D. in the fields of ethnology and indology. He was able to complete his PhD in 1950, just two years, because of the large amount of field material he brought back from India to Austria and the articles he had already published on ethnography.[4]

For his Ph.D., he did a dissertation on the Bhumias' (Baiga tribe's branch) ritual of "horse sacrifice" and highlighted the relatedness between Aryans' Ashvamedha and their ritual of sacrificing the horse.[6]

Research

Fuchs believed that he could commingle the "missionary work with scholarly contributions to early Indian civilisation."[2] He spent several decades performing studies in India on the country's ethnology and prehistory.[7] The tribal and dalit peoples of India were the prime focus of his research works in central India. He had also been an editorial board member of the Asian Folklore Studies.[4]

He had a "deep fascination" for the cultures of the tribal and dalit peoples of India. Sebastian M. Michael, the director of the Institute of Indian Culture, writes:

...like Wilhelm Schmidt, he was convinced of the need to collect historical material about simple people throughout the world in order to understand humanity. His commitment developed into a veritable love affair with India and her rich tribal and dalit heritage.[4]

Wilhelm Schmidt had mentored Fuchs,[4] however, Fuchs dissociated himself from the "rigid culture circle theory of the Vienna School of Ethnology represented by Wilhelm Schmidt in the first half of the 20th century and with that also from the rather rigid understanding of cultural diffusion."[8] He assented to a certain degree of pliant form of the theory of cultural area.[2]

Josef Salmen (a theologian and philosopher)[9] viewed him as a cultural anthropologist.[5]

Initial research

Fuchs initiated his studies by researching the Chamar caste's socio–cultural life, and wrote his first article in 1937 in Anthropos (journal) on the customs, marriage, and festivals of the Chamars. He also researched central India's tribal communities, including the Korkus among who he stayed recurrently, learned the Korku language, and garnered data on their customs, festivals, and religious beliefs.[4] He worked among the Balahis of Nimar for nearly a decade,[10] and studied their beliefs, customs,[4] caste laws and traditions.[11]

During the second world war, along with other missionaries from Germany, he was designated as an enemy alien by the British government in India and sent to a prison camp. His research work was halted for the duration of his imprisonment. He was later set free in 1945 after it came to light that he was an Austrian. During his confinement, he went back through the observations and notes that he had assembled on the beliefs and customs of Nimar's Balahis, and later in 1950 in Vienna, published a book titled, The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India.[4]

After his release in 1945, he began studing the Gonds and Baigas, and resumed studies among the Korkus. Around this time, he also developed interest in the Bhumias of Mandla district in Madhya Pradesh in whose villages he stayed oftentimes for long durations of time. In Madhya Pradesh, he carried out research on the Bhumias, Bhils, Bhilalas, Balahis, Gonds, Korkus, and sweeper castes; and in Uttar Pradesh, he conducted research on the Chamar people in the Varanasi and Ballia districts.[4]

Later, he studied in Austria between 1948 and 1950 for his doctorate degree.[4]

Later research

After completing his Ph.D. in 1950 from Austria, Fuchs moved back to India and assisted in the establishment of the Department of Anthropology at Mumbai's St. Xavier's College, and worked as a lecturer in cultural anthropology at the college from 1950 to 1954. He later resigned to dedicate all of his time to conduct field research.[4]

In 1950, he co–founded the Indian Branch of the Anthropos Institute at Mumbai in association with Matthias Hermanns, and remained the director of the institute from 1950 to 1996.[5] He delivered lectures on the cultures of ancient India at the University of Mumbai,[5] and was also a visiting scholar of anthropology and philosophy of India at the University of San Carlos in the Philippines between 1961 and 1962.[4] The Anthropos Institute in Mumbai was renamed in 1967 as the "Institute of Indian Culture" and later gained recognition as a centre for postgraduate research in anthropology and sociology from the University of Mumbai in 1997.[4]

Owen Lynch noted that Fuchs had researched India's politico–religious movements that had been narrated but not acknowledged as messianic, including the Satnampanth and Mahdi movements. He had studied forty six such movements and compiled those movements in his book Rebellious Prophets: A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions (1965). Fuchs supported M. N. Srinivas's theory of Sanskritization by proffering examples in the book.[12] Fuchs had also argued that the idea of a savior or messiah exists not only in the Biblical Christian thought, but it has also persistently surfaced in the Indian religious movements and occurrences through historical and mythological persons of note, e.g. Vaishnavism.[13]

He had done research on the ancient history of India, starting from the Aryans, back to the Dravidians and down to India's autochthonous peoples, the aborigines who, according to him, represented India's earliest populace.[14] His anthropological research on the earliest populace of India led him to cast light on the prehistory and early history of India's aborigines and "high" cultures, respectively.[2] He was of the opinion that the Aryans were migrating to India and Europe from the inner Asian regions which had resulted in the genesis of the Indo-European language family.[15]

He was of the view that to ascertain the provenance of untouchability, the indologists must "penetrate deeply enough" in the history of the peoples who have had ascendancy in India.[16]

Reception

Fritz Bornemann extolled Fuchs for the clear structure in his book, Social Origins (1957), and suggested that the book is a good introductory work to the problems of ethnology.[17]

Fuchs' The Origin of Man and His Culture (1963) was negatively reviewed by Harumi Befu of the University of Michigan. Befu raised concerns over and questioned Fuchs' knowledge of paleontology, racial classification, and the advances in genetics. Befu further noted that Fuchs proffered "only stages and no mechanism or process of evolution from one stage to another."[18] The book, however, drew some praise from R. K. Mutatkar (ex–chairperson, Indian National Confederation and Academy of Anthropologists)[19] for Fuchs' unbiased approach towards the "discussion of the theory of anthropology" despite taking in the "Indian material"; though, Mutatkar noted that Fuchs attempted to offer "too much" information in a single book, and as a consequence, several key topics got inadequate coverage.[20] Fuchs' Rebellious Prophets: A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions (1965) was, overall, favorably assessed by Owen Lynch[12] and Kenelm Burridge.[21] Lynch stated that Fuchs had done "a factual reporting of the data at hand".[12] Indiana University's David Bidney had, overall, favorably reviewed Fuchs' co–authored book Essays in Ethnology (1969) that comprises of 13 essays, all of which have "historical ethnology" as the common subject matter.[22]

Sudha Gupta of the University of Delhi,[23] Dieter B. Kapp[24] (professor emeritus of indology and Tamil studies, University of Cologne),[25] and Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf[26] favorably reviewed Fuchs' The Korkus of the Vindhya Hills (1988). Assessing the book, Gupta stated that though the book has some "minor short comings", it is "invaluable to scholars wanting to take up specific issues for intensive investigation,"[23] while C. von Fürer-Haimendorf viewed the book as a "meticulous analysis" of the subject matter.[26]

The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India (1950)

Fuchs' The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India is a monographic[27] anthropological–sociological[28] study on the Balahi caste people, particularly, of the Nimar district of Madhya Pradesh.

The book was, overall, positively reviewed by David G. Mandelbaum,[27] Iravati Karve,[29] John Henry Hutton,[30] Kathleen Gough,[31] Kingsley Davis,[10] and W. Norman Brown.[28]

Assessing the book, Gough wrote that it "surpasses the standards of much Indian ethnography." She noted that though Fuchs was affiliated with the Viennese school of anthropologists, he had focused on the study material that was collected by his self–research and steered clear of the suppositious history theorized by the Vienna school.[31] Hutton also highlighted that though the book was published under the patronage of the University of Vienna and was a part of the Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik (Viennese contributions to cultural history and linguistics), it was free from the "theoretical bias" that was [then] imputed to the Vienna school. He saw the book as the "most detailed and painstakingly factual account" of the Balahis,[30] while Davis viewed it as "a solid contribution to the literature of caste stratification."[10]

The Aboriginal Tribes of India (1973)

In The Aboriginal Tribes of India, Fuchs had examined different inward migrations to India including the arrival of Aryans, along with the study of India's "prehistoric races" in apropos of the early, middle and late stone age, the Indus Valley civilization and "post Harappan" era, and also of the contemporary tribes of Bengal and southern, central, northwestern, northern, northeastern, Himalayan and sub–Himalayan regions of India and some tribes of Nepal.[32] Assessing the book, Rudolf Rahmann (an anthropologist and former president of University of San Carlos),[33] stated that Fuchs "handled" the wide–ranging material "in a masterful way on just 300 pages."[34]

Fuchs' book was favorably reviewed also by Christine Cottam[35] (a social scientist),[36] Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf,[37] Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi,[38] Soumendra Mohan Patnaik,[32] but unfavorably reviewed by Edward J. Jay of California State University.[39]

C. von Fürer-Haimendorf praised Fuchs for the large amount of fieldwork which he had conducted in central India, and suggested that Fuchs was very knowledgeable of the subject.[37] Cottam, while assessing Fuchs' work in the book in 1978, wrote that "nothing like it has been written in the last twenty or thirty years."[35]

Ferro–Luzzi termed the book as "a useful tool for anthropologists interested in Indian tribes and for comparative studies in general";[38] however, Jay suggested that the book is "encyclopedic" in nature and is based largely upon data sources from 19th and early 20th century and cites only a limited number of recent studies. According to him, it cannot be viewed as "a serious work of scholarship."[39]

At the Bottom of Indian Society: The Harijan and Other Low Castes (1981)

Fuchs' At the Bottom of Indian Society: The Harijan and Other Low Castes is a companion volume of his previous book The Aboriginal Tribes of India, and it is an outcome of library research on India's all Harijans. In the book, Fuchs investigated the origin of untouchability and opined that it has its origins in the migrations of Dravidians and Aryans to India. He gave a description of "Harijans and other low castes" in the light of his findings. Fuchs propounded that,

...untouchability is probably an ancient social trait from animal breeding culture which was brought to India by the Aryans and also the Dravidians.

Fuchs did not view "ritual purity and impurity" as the underlying principles for the social condition of the untouchables and imposition of untouchability on them as suggested by Louis Dumont, rather he suggested that they were artisans and laborers in the "highly–developed complex farming culture" they had, but their social stature got disparaged due to their pecuniary dependence on the cultivators who maintained a higher social standing.[40]

The book was positively reviewed by G. E. Ferro–Luzzi. She suggested that the book "examines all the numerous criteria for lowness" and instability of the Harijans and the people from other lower castes in the Indian social stratum.[41] Yoshio Sugimoto, however, questioned Fuchs' categorization of various tribes, castes, communities, and social classes under the umbrella terms like "Untouchables", "Harijan castes", "Harijan and other low castes", etc. Sugimoto wrote, "we are therefore in the dark as to which term he uses to refer to the category in general."[40]

Life as an anthropologist and a missionary

Along with being an anthropologist, Fuchs was also a catholic missionary and priest.[2]

Since he started to work, but specially after establishing the Anthropos Institute in Mumbai, Fuchs saw himself predominately as a scientist and a researcher. Sifting through his both sides – an anthropologist and a catholic missionary – Bernd Pflug (a scholar in Gandhism and developmental studies)[42] writes,

It is hard to say who was the more dominant in Fuchs—the missionary or the scholar? There is evidence for both, but looking at his anthropological research as a whole over more than six decades, it seems plausible to argue that the scholar in Fuchs had always the upper hand though this hand was tied to the task of mission.[2]

Move to Austria and death

Fuchs had to shift to Austria in 1996 due to concerns related to health.[4]

On 26 March 1998, Fuchs was awarded the Cross of Honour for Science and Art, First Class by the government of Austria.[5] He was also awarded the Golden Doctor Diploma on 14 November 1999 specifically "in recognition of his contribution to the field of Indian Anthropology". The document additionally stated that he "gained the highest merits for the ethnology of India".[4]

He died at the age of 91 years on 17 January 2000 at St. Gabriel, Mödling in Austria, and his body is buried at the graveyard of the seminary where the body of Wilhelm Schmidt is also buried.[4]

Works

Fuchs had written 22 books, nearly 150 articles, and many monographs.[8]

Books

Some of the books authored and co–authored by him are as follows:

  • Fuchs, Stephen (1996). The Vedic Horse Sacrifice: In Its Culture–historical Relations. New Delhi: Inter–India Publications. LCCN 96901614. OCLC 34752529.
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1991). The Gond and Bhumia of Eastern Mandla (Madhya Pradesh) (reprint ed.). New Delhi: Reliance Publishing House. OCLC 245782314.
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1988). The Korkus of the Vindhya Hills. New Delhi: Inter–India Publications. OCLC 20222354.
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1981). At the Bottom of Indian Society: The Harijan and Other Low Castes. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. OCLC 9356730.
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1979). Anthropology for the Missions. Allahabad: St. Paul Society. OCLC 613709935.
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1975). Origin of Religion: Introduction into History of Religion. Alwaye: Pontificial Institute of Theology and Philosophy. OCLC 2136847.
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1973). The Aboriginal Tribes of India. Delhi: Macmillan. OCLC 223754982.
  • Fuchs, Stephen; Ferreira, J. V.; Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1969). Essays in Ethnology. Mumbai: New Literature Pub. Co. OCLC 555765.
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1965). Rebellious Prophets: A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions. New York: Asia Publishing House. OCLC 384877.
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1963). The Origin of Man and His Culture. Mumbai; New York: Asia Publishing House. OCLC 3342623.
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1960). Tales of Gondavana. Mumbai: Dhawale Popular. OCLC 8626012.
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1950). The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India. Vienna: Verlag Herold. OCLC 490483096.

Select papers

Some of the research papers authored by him are as follows:

  • Fuchs, Stephen (1969). "Nomadic Tribes in the Plains of North India". Journal of Gujarat Research Society: 92–101. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[3]
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1966–1967). "The Dravidian Problem". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay: 153–163. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[3]
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1956). "Prehistoric and Primitive Races in India". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[3]
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1953). "The Contribution of Anthropology in Indian History". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[5]
  • Fuchs, Stephen (1956) [1952]. "Anthropological Research Problems in Central India". Vienna. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[43]

See also

References
  1. Zubrzycki, John (2018). Empire of Enchantment: The Story of Indian Magic. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0190914394. OCLC 1102419431.
  2. Pflug, Bernd (2018). "Between Ethnography and Mission in India: The Anthropology of Stephen Fuchs". Sociological Bulletin. SAGE Journals. 67 (1): 20–34. doi:10.1177/0038022917751975. ISSN 0038-0229. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  3. "Institute of Indian Culture: A Profile" (PDF). Institute of Indian Culture. Mumbai. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  4. Michael, S. M. (2000). Knecht, Peter; Chilson, Clark (eds.). "Stephen Fuchs SVD (1908–2000): Founder of the Institute of Indian Culture". Asian Folklore Studies. Japan: Anthropological Institute, Nanzan University. 59 (1): 141–145. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 1179031.
  5. Salmen, Josef (2000). Gächter, Othmar; Piepke, Joachim; Quack, Anton (eds.). Translated by Brandewie, Ernest. "Fr. Stephen Fuchs (1908–2000)". Anthropos. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. 95 (2): 537–542. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40465958.
  6. Michael, S. M. (2000). Knecht, Peter; Chilson, Clark (eds.). "Stephen Fuchs SVD (1908–2000): Founder of the Institute of Indian Culture". Asian Folklore Studies. Japan: Anthropological Institute, Nanzan University. 59 (1): 143. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 1179031. He was awarded a Doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1950 for his study of the horse sacrifice, an important sacrificial ritual of the Bhumias (a branch of the Baiga tribe). In the dissertation he showed the connection between this ritual and the Ashva Medha horse sacrifice of the Aryans.
  7. Rahmann, Rudolf (December 1974). Baumgartner, Joseph; Chia, Rita; van Engelen, Herman; Flieger, Wilhelm; et al. (eds.). "Reviewed Work: The Aboriginal Tribes of India by Stephen Fuchs". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. Cebu City, Philippines: University of San Carlos Publications. 2 (4): 262. JSTOR 29791174. The author of this book, Dr. Stephen Fuchs, SVD, is the Acting Director of the Institute of Indian Culture in Bombay. He has worked in the field of Indian ethnology and prehistory for forty years. The extensive experience acquired during this long period has been deepened by his great devotion to his tasks as researcher, lecturer and writer.
  8. "IIC's Association with the University Department of Sociology, Mumbai" (PDF). Institute of Indian Culture. Mumbai. February 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  9. "P. Josef Salmen SVD (1931 – 2017)". Steyler Missionaries (in German). December 22, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  10. Davis, Kingsley (July 1952). Hughes, Everett C.; Blumer, Herbert; Burgess, Ernest W.; Hauser, Philip M.; et al. (eds.). "Reviewed Work: The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India. by Stephen Fuchs". American Journal of Sociology. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press. 58 (1): 109–110. JSTOR 2771809.
  11. Fuchs, Stephen (July–October 1943). "The Nimar Balahi Code of Caste Laws and Its Enforcement". Primitive Man. Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research. 16 (3/4): 81–104. JSTOR 3316280.
  12. Lynch, Owen M. (June–August 1967). Goodenough, Ward H.; Raney, Ann; Fogelson, Raymond D.; Gibson, Gordon D.; et al. (eds.). "Reviewed Work: Rebellious Prophets: A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions by Stephen Fuchs". American Anthropologist. New. Wiley. 69 (3/4): 395–396. JSTOR 669958.
  13. Scaligero, Massimo (September–December 1974). "Reviewed Work: Rebellious Prophets. A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions by Stephen Fuchs". East and West. Rome, Italy: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. 24 (3/4): 462. JSTOR 29756030.
  14. Salmen, Josef (2000). Gächter, Othmar; Piepke, Joachim; Quack, Anton (eds.). Translated by Brandewie, Ernest. "Fr. Stephen Fuchs (1908–2000)". Anthropos. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. 95 (2): 537–542. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40465958. Beginning with the Aryans, he traced this history back to the Dravidians and even further back to the original inhabitants of India, to the "primitives or aborigines," as they were often called. These, for Fuchs, were representatives of the earliest inhabitants of India.
  15. Dahiwale, Samarth Modku (2005). Dahiwale, Samarth Modku (ed.). Understanding Indian Society: The Non–Brahmanic Perspective (Conference papers and proceedings). Department of Sociology, University of Pune (reprint ed.). Jaipur: Rawat Publications. p. 161. ISBN 978-8170338949. LCCN 2005318244. OCLC 60669219. Dr Stephen Fuchs' study on the 'Vedic Horse Sacrifice in its Culture-Historical Relations' (1996) also shows that the Aryans have been migrating from inner Asia in India and Europe and thus giving birth to the Indo-European language groups, which includes most European languages and many languages of western Asia, including Sanskrit and Hindi.
  16. Khan, Najibul Hasan (2005). Constitutional Safeguards and Protective Measures of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes — A Critical Appraisal (PDF). Aligarh Muslim University (PhD). pp. 8–9. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  17. Bornemann, Fritz (1958). "Reviewed Work: Social Origins by Stephen Fuchs". Anthropos (in German). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. 53 (3/4): 692. JSTOR 40453339.
  18. Befu, Harumi (February 1965). Spindler, George D.; Spindler, Louise S.; Beals, Alan R.; Sturtevant, William C.; et al. (eds.). "Reviewed Work: The Origin of Man and His Culture by Stephen Fuchs". American Anthropologist. Wiley. 67 (1): 170–171. JSTOR 668713.
  19. "About R.K. Mutatkar". Concept Publishing. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  20. Mutatkar, R. K. (1963–1964). "Reviewed Work: The Origin of Man and His Culture by Stephen Fuchs". Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute. Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune. 24: 120–121. JSTOR 42929806.
  21. Burridge, Kenelm O. L. (December 1966). "Reviewed Work: Rebellious Prophets: A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions. by Stephen Fuchs". Man. New. London, UK: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 1 (4): 585–586. doi:10.2307/2798408. JSTOR 2798408.
  22. Bidney, David (October 1970). Goodenough, Ward H.; Hicks, Ronald; Fogelson, Raymond D.; Gibson, Gordon D.; et al. (eds.). "Reviewed Work: Essays in Ethnology by John V. Ferreira, Stephen Fuchs, Klaus Klostermaier". American Anthropologist. Wiley. 72 (5): 1907–1908. JSTOR 671426.
  23. Gupta, Sudha (December 1992). Bansal, I. J. S.; Bhattacharya, D. K. (eds.). "Reviewed Work: Tribal Studies of India Series—T 124. The Korkus of the Vindhya Hills by Stephen Fuchs". Indian Anthropologist. Indian Anthropological Association. 22 (2): 100–101. JSTOR 41919696.
  24. Kapp, Dieter B. (1991). Knecht, Peter; Fuchs, Stephen; Skrzypczak, Edmund R. (eds.). "Reviewed Work: The Korkus of the Vindhya Hills by Stephen Fuchs". Asian Folklore Studies. Japan: Anthropological Institute, Nanzan University. 50 (1): 260–261. JSTOR 1178209.
  25. "Prof. a.D. Dr. Dieter B. Kapp". University of Cologne (in German). Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  26. von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph (1989). "Reviewed Work: The Korkus of the Vindhya Hills by Stephen Fuchs". Anthropos. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. 84 (1/3): 277–278. JSTOR 40461720.
  27. Mandelbaum, David G. (July–September 1952). Herskovits, Melville J.; Spoehr, Alexander; Hart, C. W. M.; McKern, W. C.; et al. (eds.). "Reviewed Work: The Children of Hari by Stephen Fuchs". American Anthropologist. New. Menasha, US: Wiley. 54 (3): 397–399. JSTOR 664082.
  28. Brown, W. Norman (May 1952). Sellin, Thorsten; Charlesworth, James C.; Raushenbush, Stephen (eds.). "Reviewed Work: The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India by Stephen Fuchs". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Philadelphia, US: Sage Publications; American Academy of Political and Social Science. 281, The Future of Our Natural Resources: 245. JSTOR 1029703.
  29. Karve, Iravati (1950). Karmarkar, R. D.; Dandekar, R. N. (eds.). "Reviewed Work: THE CHILDREN OF HARI by Stephen Fuchs". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. Pune, India: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 31 (1/4): 321–322. JSTOR 44028427.
  30. Hutton, John Henry (June 1952). "Reviewed Work: The Children of Hari. A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India. by Stephen Fuchs". Pacific Affairs. New York, US: Institute of Pacific Relations (University of British Columbia). 25 (2): 200–202. doi:10.2307/2753553. JSTOR 2753553.
  31. Gough, Kathleen (June 1951). Fortes, M. (ed.). "Reviewed Work: The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India. by Stephen Fuchs". Man. London, UK: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 51: 86. JSTOR 2839752.
  32. Patnaik, Soumendra Mohan (December 1994). Bhattacharya, D. K.; Srivastava, V. K. (eds.). "Reviewed Work: THE ABORIGINAL TRIBES OF INDIA (Tribal Studies of India Series T 152) by Stephen Fuchs". Indian Anthropologist. Indian Anthropological Association. 24 (2): 94–97. JSTOR 41919755.
  33. Paredes, Radel (April 11, 2015). "Remembering USC's big "C"". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  34. Rahmann, Rudolf (December 1974). Baumgartner, Joseph; Chia, Rita; van Engelen, Herman; Flieger, Wilhelm; et al. (eds.). "Reviewed Work: The Aboriginal Tribes of India by Stephen Fuchs". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. Cebu City, Philippines: University of San Carlos Publications. 2 (4): 262–264. JSTOR 29791174.
  35. Cottam, Christine (February 1978). "Reviewed Work: The Aboriginal Tribes of India by Stephen Fuchs". RAIN. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (24): 12. JSTOR 3032415.
  36. Carrithers, Michael; Humphrey, Caroline (1991). "Contributors". The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society. Centre for South Asian Studies (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. xi. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511896637. ISBN 978-0521365055. S2CID 145520359. Christine Cottam Ellis Visiting Professor in Social Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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