State-owned enterprises of Russia

State-owned enterprises in Russia still play an important role in the national economy. The approximately 4,100 enterprises that have some degree of state ownership accounted for 39% of all employment in 2007 (down from over 80% in 1990).[1][2] In 2007, SOEs controlled 64% of the banking sector, 47% of the oil and gas sector and 37% of the utility sector.[2]

State corporations are established by the Russian government to boost industrial sectors.[3] Rosstat figures show that 529,300 enterprises are partly or wholly owned by the state, of which between 30,000 and 31,000 are commercial companies (generating revenue).[4] The 54 largest enterprises account for over two-thirds of the total revenues generated by state-owned organizations.[4] SOEs account for 40% of the capitalization on the Russian stock market, one of the highest shares in the world.[4]

Main article: Types of business entity in Russia

Russian state-owned companies are typically established under the legal form of joint stock companies (OAO or ZAO), unitary enterprises (federal, regional or municipal) or state corporations.[2]

Joint stock companies

OAO and PAO are forms of open joint-stock companies, while ZAO (and AO) are closed joint-stock companies.[5][6]

The Federal Agency for State Property Management (Rosimushchestvo) is authorized by the Russian government to exercise shareholder rights for federally-owned shares in companies and is responsible for the preparation and nomination of candidates at the annual meetings of shareholders. As a general rule, Rosimushchestvo nominates to a company's board of directors representatives of the most relevant government body, based on the sectoral characteristics of the business. The sectoral state body thus participates in managing the company through its representatives.[7]

Non-profit organizations

State corporation
Main article: state corporation (Russia)

A state corporation (Russian: государственная корпорация) defined by Article 7.1 of NCO Law is a non-profit organization which manages its assets as described in its charter. State Corporations are not obliged to submit to public authorities documents accounting for activities (except for a number of documents submitted to the Russian government) and, as a rule, are subordinate not to the government, but to the Russian president, and act to accomplish some important goal. Control by the Government is implemented on the basis of annual corporation meetings, an annual report on the audit opinion of accounting and financial reporting (accounting), as well as the conclusion of the auditing commission on the results of verification of financial (accounting) statements and other corporation documents. Any other central government departments, organs of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation, and the local governments have no right to interfere in the activities of State corporations.

These state corporations (a non-profit) establishing under a Russian federal law are different from all the other organizations referred to in the mass media as "state corporations". According to the law, a state corporation is wholly owned by the Russian Federation directly, bypassing the Federal Agency for State Property Management.

State company

A state company (Russian: Государственная компания) defined by Article 7.2 of NCO Law is a non-membership non-profit organization. Each state company is created by a separate Russian federal law.

These state companies (a non-profit) establishing only under a federal law are different from all the other organizations referred to in the mass media as "state companies".

Unitary enterprise
Main article: Unitary enterprise

A unitary enterprise (Russian: унитарное предприятие) is a commercial organization that have no ownership rights to the assets used in their operations. This form is possible only for state and municipal enterprises, operating with state or municipal property, respectively. The owners of the property of a unitary enterprise have no responsibility for its operation, and vice versa.

The assets of unitary enterprises belong to the central government (in which case they are known as federal state unitary enterprises), a Russian region, or a municipality. A unitary enterprise holds assets under the right of economic management (for both state and municipal unitary enterprises) or operative management (for state unitary enterprises only), and that such assets may not be distributed among the participants, nor otherwise divided. A unitary enterprise is independent in economic issues and obliged only to give its profits to the state. Unitary enterprises would have no right to set up subsidiaries, but, with the owner's consent, can open branches and representation offices.

As of January 2017, there are 1,120 federal state unitary enterprises in Russia.[8]

Companies
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Information on the legal form of companies is drawn from the open-data portal of the Federal Agency for State Property Management,[9] unless otherwise stated.

CompanyTypeIndustryState ownership
AeroflotOAOAirline51.173%[9]
All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting CompanyFederal SUEBroadcasting
Almaz-AnteyOAOAerospace & Defense100%[9]
ALROSAPAOMining43.9256%[9]
ArkaimOOOAirline
AtomflotFederal SUEShipping
BazaltAODefense
Channel One RussiaAOBroadcasting38.9%[9]
Deposit Insurance Agency of RussiaState corporationDeposit insurance100%
EZANFederal SUETelecommunication
FGC UESOAOEnergy75%
GazpromPAOOil and gas50.23%
Gazprom NeftOAOOil and gas
Inter RAOPAOElectricity
KamazAOAutomotive
Krasnaya Zvezda State EnterpriseAONuclear power
Krylov State Research CenterFederal SUEShipbuilding
MayakFederal SUENuclear energy
Mining and Chemical CombineFederal SUEMining
Moscow MetroRegional SUETransport
MosenergoOAOElectricity
Novorossiysk Commercial Sea PortOAOShipping20.0001%[9]
OboronpromAOAerospace
Research and Development Institute of Mechanical EngineeringFederal SUERocket engines
RIA NovostiFederal SUENews agencydisestablished in 2014
RosatomState corporationNuclear energy100%
RosenergoatomAONuclear power operation
RosneftOAOOil and gas50%
RosselkhozbankAOBanking71.9873%[9]
Rossiya AirlinesAOAviation
RostecState corporationMixed100%
RostelecomOAOTelecommunications56.8%
RuselectronicsAOMicroelectronics
RusHydroOAOElectric utility60.4%
RusnanoOAONanotechnology100%[9]
Russian PostFederal SUELetter post100%
Russian RailwaysPAOInfrastructure100%
Russian Satellite Communications CompanyFederal SUETelecommunications
Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network (RTRS)Federal SUETransmission towers
Sberbank of RussiaPAOBanking51% (owned by the Central Bank)
SevmashAOShipbuilding48.4966%[9]
SovcomflotPAOShipping100%[9]
SoyuzmultfilmFederal SUEAnimation studio
TASSFederal SUENews agency
TechsnabexportOAONuclear energy
TransneftOAOOil and gas100%
United Aircraft CorporationPAOAerospace91.11514696%[9]
United Shipbuilding CorporationAOShipbuilding100%[9]
UralvagonzavodAODefense100%[9]
VnesheconombankState corporationFinancial services100%
VTB BankPAOBanking60.9%

Privatization
Main article: Privatization in Russia

Since the first waves of privatization in the 1990s, the Russian government has sold stakes in several companies, often while continuing to hold a significant degree of ownership. In 2016 this included the sale 10.9% of Alrosa,[10] and 19.5% of Rosneft.[11] Privatization plans for the 2017-2019 period include selling stakes in VTB (10.9%), Sovcomflot (25% minus 1 share) and Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port.[12]

gollark: I see. Well, the engineer™ solution would just be to stop doing things after doing 10000 iterations or something.
gollark: If it goes through the same states multiple times, it's looping and won't terminate.
gollark: If it's stuck in a loop, it isn't going to terminate, by definition.
gollark: Easy.
gollark: Just see if you've already done a thing (keep hashes of previous expression trees around) and stop it if it's looping.

See also

References
  1. "Russia - Competition from State-Owned Enterprises | export.gov". www.export.gov. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  2. "State-Owned Enterprises in Russia - Presentation at the OECD Roundtable on Corporate Governance of SOEs" (PDF). OECD. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  3. "Putin Backs Creation of Giant Russian Space Corporation". Moscow Times. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  4. Abramov, Alexander; Radygin, Alexander; Chernova, Maria (March 2017). "State-owned enterprises in the Russian market: Ownership structure and their role in the economy". Russian Journal of Economics. 3 (1). doi:10.1016/j.ruje.2017.02.001.
  5. "B2B: New Classification of Legal Entities". Moscow Times. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  6. https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/b2b-revolution-in-russian-corporate-legislation-36529
  7. United States Department of State
  8. "64 Russian "elite" companies win a free pass from procurement rules". bne IntelliNews. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  9. "Openinfo". mvpt.rosim.ru. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  10. "Russian Privatization: A Fresh Start". Forbes. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  11. "How Russia sold its oil jewel: without saying who bought it". Reuters. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  12. "Russian government enacts 2017-2019 state assets privatization plan". TASS (in Russian). Retrieved 28 May 2017.
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