Stapelia

Stapelia is a genus of low-growing, spineless, stem succulent plants, predominantly from South Africa with a few from other parts of Africa. Several Asian and Latin American species were formerly included but they have all now been transferred to other genera.[2][3] The flowers of certain species, most notably Stapelia gigantea, can reach 41 cm (16 inches) in diameter when fully open. Most Stapelia flowers are visibly hairy and generate the odour of rotten flesh when they bloom.

Carrion flowers
Stapelia gigantea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae
Tribe: Ceropegieae
Genus: Stapelia
L.
Type species
Stapelia hirsuta

Description

The hairy, oddly textured and coloured appearance of many Stapelia flowers has been claimed to resemble that of rotting meat, and this, coupled with their odour, has earned the most commonly grown members of the genus Stapelia the common name of carrion flowers. A notable exception is the sweetly scented Stapelia flavopurpurea. Such odours serve to attract various specialist pollinators including, in the case of carrion-scented blooms, blow flies of the dipteran family Calliphoridae. They frequently lay eggs around the coronae of Stapelia flowers, convinced by the plants' deception.[4]

Cultivation

A handful of species are commonly cultivated as pot plants and are even used as rockery plants in countries where the climate permits. Stapelia are good container plants and can grow well under full sun and light to moderate watering. They should be planted in well-drained compost as the stems are prone to rotting if kept moist for long.[5]

Species
Accepted species[6]
  1. Stapelia acuminata - South Africa
  2. Stapelia arenosa - Cape Province
  3. Stapelia asterias - South Africa
  4. Stapelia barklyi - South Africa
  5. Stapelia baylissii - Cape Province
  6. Stapelia cedrimontana - Cape Province
  7. Stapelia clavicorona - Transvaal
  8. Stapelia concinna - South Africa
  9. Stapelia congestiflora - Ethiopia
  10. Stapelia deflexa - South Africa
  11. Stapelia divaricata - South Africa
  12. Stapelia divergens - South Africa
  13. Stapelia engleriana - tropical Africa
  14. Stapelia erectiflora - South Africa
  15. Stapelia fasciculata - Cape Province
  16. Stapelia flavicomata - South Africa
  17. Stapelia flavopurpurea - South Africa
  18. Stapelia gariepensis - Cape Province
  19. Stapelia gettliffei - Transvaal
  20. Stapelia gigantea - KwaZulu-Natal
  21. Stapelia glabricaulis - South Africa
  22. Stapelia glanduliflora - South Africa
  23. Stapelia grandiflora - South Africa
  24. Stapelia hirsuta - South Africa
  25. Stapelia immelmaniae - Cape Province
  26. Stapelia incomparabilis - South Africa
  27. Stapelia kougabergensis - Cape Province
  28. Stapelia kwebensis - Botswana
  29. Stapelia leendertziae - South Africa
  30. Stapelia longipedicellata - Namibia
  31. Stapelia maccabeana - South Africa
  32. Stapelia miscella - Cape Province
  33. Stapelia mutabilis - South Africa
  34. Stapelia nobilis - South Africa
  35. Stapelia obducta - Cape Province
  36. Stapelia olivacea - South Africa
  37. Stapelia paniculata - South Africa
  38. Stapelia parvula - Angola
  39. Stapelia pearsonii - Great Namaqualand
  40. Stapelia peglerae - Cape Province
  41. Stapelia pillansii - South Africa
  42. Stapelia plantii - South Africa
  43. Stapelia reflexa - South Africa
  44. Stapelia remota - Namibia
  45. Stapelia rubiginosa - Little Namaqualand
  46. Stapelia rufa - South Africa
  47. Stapelia schinzii - Namibia
  48. Stapelia scitula - Cape Province
  49. Stapelia similis - Little Namaqualand
  50. Stapelia surrecta - Cape Province
  51. Stapelia tsomoensis - South Africa
  52. Stapelia uncinata - South Africa
  53. Stapelia unicornis - Swaziland
  54. Stapelia vetula - South Africa
  55. Stapelia villetiae - Cape Province
Species formerly included[6]

now transferred to other genera (Angolluma, Brachystelma, Caralluma, Duvalia, Echidnopsis, Gonolobus, Gonostemon, Hoodia, Hoya, Huernia, Monolluma, Orbea, Orbeopsis, Pachycymbium, Piaranthus, Quaqua, Stapelianthus, Stisseria, Tromotriche, Tridentea, Triplosperma)

  1. S. adscendens now Caralluma adscendens
  2. S. affinis now Gonostemon hirsutus var. affinis
  3. S. albipilosa now Tridentea marientalensis subsp. albipilosa
  4. S. albocastanea now Orbeopsis albocastanea
  5. S. ambigua now Gonostemon grandiflorus var. ambiguus
  6. S. anemoniflora now Duvalia anemoniflora
  7. S. ango now Caralluma ango
  8. S. anguinea now Stisseria anguina
  9. S. aperta now Tridentea aperta
  10. S. arida now Quaqua arida
  11. S. articulata now Stisseria articulata
  12. S. atropurpurea now Stisseria atropurpurea
  13. S. atrosanguinea now Piaranthus atrosanguineus
  14. S. auobensis now Tridentea marientalensis
  15. S. ausana now Tridentea jucunda var. dinteri
  16. S. barbata now Huernia barbata
  17. S. bisulca now Stisseria bisulca
  18. S. bufonia now Stisseria bufonia
  19. S. campanulata now Huernia campanulata
  20. S. caudata now Stisseria caudata
  21. S. chinensis now Hoya carnosa
  22. S. choanantha now Tridentea choanantha
  23. S. chrysostephana now Angolluma chrysostephana
  24. S. ciliata now Orbea ciliata
  25. S. cincta now Tridentea jucunda var. cincta
  26. S. clavata now Trichocaulon clavatum
  27. S. clavigera now Huernia clavigera
  28. S. clypeata now Stisseria clypeata
  29. S. cochinchinensis now Triplosperma cochinchinensis
  30. S. comata now Gonostemon hirsutus var. comatus
  31. S. compacta now Duvalia caespitosa var. compacta
  32. S. concolor now Duvalia caespitosa
  33. S. conspurcata now Stisseria conspurcata
  34. S. cooperi now Orbea cooperi
  35. S. corderoyi now Duvalia corderoyi
  36. S. curtisii now Stisseria curtisii
  37. S. decaisneana now Pachycymbium decaisneanum
  38. S. decora now Stisseria decora
  39. S. deflexa now Gonostemon deflexus
  40. S. dejecta now Stisseria dejecta
  41. S. depressa now Gonostemon hirsutus var. depressus
  42. S. desmetiana now Gonostemon grandiflorus var. desmentianus
  43. S. dinteri now Tridentea jucunda var. dinteri
  44. S. dummeri now Orbea dummeri
  45. S. dwequensis now Tridentea dwequensis
  46. S. elegans now Stisseria elegans
  47. S. europaea now Caralluma europaea
  48. S. fissirostris now Gonostemon fissirostris
  49. S. fleckii now Gonostemon flavopurpureus var. fleckii
  50. S. fucosa now Orbea verrucosa var. fucosa
  51. S. furcata now Orbeopsis melanantha
  52. S. fuscata now Stisseria fuscata
  53. S. fuscopurpurea now Gonostemon fuscopurpureus
  54. S. geminata now Stisseria geminata
  55. S. gemmiflora now Tridentea gemmiflora
  56. S. gettleffii now Gonostemon gettliffei
  57. S. glauca now Stisseria glauca
  58. S. gordonii now Hoodia gordonii
  59. S. gussoneana now Caralluma europaea
  60. S. guttata now Huernia guttata
  61. S. hamata now Stisseria hamata
  62. S. herrei now Tridentea herrei
  63. S. hircosa now Stisseria hircosa
  64. S. hirtella now Duvalia caespitosa
  65. S. hispidula now Stisseria hispidula
  66. S. incarnata now Quaqua incarnata
  67. S. irrorata now Orbea irrorata
  68. S. jacquiniana now Stisseria jacquiniana
  69. S. jucunda now Tridentea jucunda
  70. S. juvencula now Stisseria juvencula
  71. S. knobelii now Orbeopsis knobelii
  72. S. kwebensis var. longipedicellata now Gonostemon longipedicellatus
  73. S. laevis now Stisseria laevis
  74. S. lanifera now Stisseria lanifera
  75. S. lepida now Orbea lepida
  76. S. longidens now Orbea longidens
  77. S. longii now Tridentea longii
  78. S. longipes now Tromotriche longipes
  79. S. lucida now Gonostemon asterias var. lucidus
  80. S. macloughlinii now Orbea macloughlinii
  81. S. maculosa now Stisseria maculosa
  82. S. mammillaris now Quaqua mammillaris
  83. S. margarita now Gonostemon × marginatus
  84. S. marginata now Stisseria marginata
  85. S. marientalensis now Tridentea marientalensis
  86. S. marmorata now Stisseria marmorata
  87. S. massonii now Stisseria massonii
  88. S. mastodes now Stisseria mastodes
  89. S. melanantha now Orbeopsis melanantha
  90. S. mixta now Stisseria mixta
  91. S. montagnacii now Stapelianthus montagnacii
  92. S. montana now Gonostemon montanus
  93. S. multangula now Echidnopsis multangula
  94. S. multiflora now Stisseria multiflora
  95. S. namaquensis now Orbea namaquensis
  96. S. neliana now Tridentea herrei
  97. S. noachabibensis now Stapelia similis
  98. S. normalis now Stisseria normalis
  99. S. obliqua now Stisseria obliqua
  100. S. ocellata now Huernia ocellata
  101. S. orbicularis now Stisseria orbicularis
  102. S. pachyrrhiza now Tridentea pachyrrhiza
  103. S. pallida now Stisseria pallida
  104. S. pancololote now Gonolobus uniflorus
  105. S. parviflora now Quaqua parviflora
  106. S. parvipuncta now Tridentea parvipuncta
  107. S. patula now Stisseria patula
  108. S. patula var. longirostris now Gonostemon hirsutus var. longirostris
  109. S. peculiaris now Tridentea peculiaris
  110. S. pedunculata now Tridentea pedunculata
  111. S. picta now Stisseria picta
  112. S. pilifera now Hoodia pilifera
  113. S. planiflora now Stisseria planiflora
  114. S. plantii Hook.f. 1890 not MacKen ex N. E. Brown 1877 now Gonostemon × plantii
  115. S. praetermissa now Gonostemon praetermissus
  116. S. prognatha now Orbea prognatha
  117. S. pruinosa now Quaqua pruinosa
  118. S. pulchella now Orbea pulchella
  119. S. pulchra now Stisseria pulchra
  120. S. pulla now Piaranthus pullus
  121. S. punctata now Gonolobus luteus
  122. S. quadrangula now Monolluma quadrangula
  123. S. quinquenervis now Stisseria quinquenervis
  124. S. radiata now Duvalia caespitosa
  125. S. ramosa now Quaqua ramosa
  126. S. reclinata now Stisseria reclinata
  127. S. replicata now Stisseria replicata
  128. S. reticulata now Huernia reticulata
  129. S. retusa now Stisseria retusa
  130. S. revoluta now Tromotriche revoluta
  131. S. rogersii now Angolluma rogersii
  132. S. roriflua now Stisseria roriflua
  133. S. rufescens now Stisseria rufescens
  134. S. rugosa now Stisseria rugosa
  135. S. ruschiana now Tridentea ruschiana
  136. S. semota now Orbea semota
  137. S. senilis now Gonostemon grandiflorus
  138. S. serrulata now Stisseria serrulata
  139. S. simsii now Stisseria simsii
  140. S. sororia now Gonostemon grandiflorus var. sororius
  141. S. spectabilis now Stisseria spectabilis
  142. S. stellaris now Stisseria stellaris
  143. S. stricta now Stisseria stricta
  144. S. stygia now Stisseria stygia
  145. S. subulata now Caralluma subulata
  146. S. surrecta var. primosii now Stapelia surrecta
  147. S. tapscottii now Orbea tapscottii
  148. S. thudichumii now Tromotriche thudichumii
  149. S. tubata now Huernia tubata
  150. S. tuberculata now Stisseria tuberculata
  151. S. tuberosa now Brachystelma tuberosum
  152. S. umbonata now Tridentea pachyrrhiza
  153. S. umbracula now Orbea umbracula
  154. S. vaga now Orbea lutea subsp. vaga
  155. S. variegata now Orbea variegata
  156. S. venusta now Huernia venusta
  157. S. verrucosa now Orbea verrucosa
  158. S. virescens now Tridentea virescens
  159. S. wendlandiana now Orbea wendlandiana
  160. S. woodii now Orbea woodii
gollark: Simply do not do that.
gollark: I see.
gollark: Why not just copy it over LAN?
gollark: ... SD card? Hm.
gollark: I don't see why that would require shutdown for backups.

References
  1. lectotype designated by Jarvis, Taxon 41: 570 (1992)
  2. Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
  3. Tropicos
  4. PlantZAfrica.com, Stapelia Info
  5. TheLovelyPlants.com, TheLovelyPlants.com
  6. The Plant List, genus Stapelia
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