Stand by Me (film)

Stand by Me is a 1986 American coming-of-age film directed by Rob Reiner and based on Stephen King's 1982 novella The Body, with a title derived from Ben E. King's song. The film stars Wil Wheaton, River Phoenix, Corey Feldman, and Jerry O'Connell (in his debut film). In Stand by Me, four boys in 1959 Castle Rock, Oregon, go on a hike to find the dead body of a missing boy.

Stand by Me
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRob Reiner
Produced by
Screenplay by
  • Bruce A. Evans
  • Raynold Gideon
Based onThe Body
by Stephen King
Starring
Music byJack Nitzsche
CinematographyThomas Del Ruth
Edited byRobert Leighton
Production
company
Distributed byColumbia Pictures
Release date
  • August 8, 1986 (1986-08-08) (limited)
  • August 22, 1986 (1986-08-22) (wide)
[1]
Running time
89 minutes[2]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$8 million[3]
Box office$52.3 million[3]

The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and two Golden Globe Awards: one for Best Drama Motion Picture and one for Best Director.

Plot

In 1985, author Gordie Lachance reads in the newspaper that his childhood best friend, Chris Chambers, has died. [lower-alpha 1] Gordie narrates an extended flashback, later revealed to be a story he is writing. The flashback tells of a childhood incident when he, Chris, and two buddies journeyed to find the body of a missing boy near the town of Castle Rock, Oregon during the Labor Day weekend in 1959.

Twelve-year-old Gordie's parents are too busy grieving the recent death of Gordie's older brother Denny to pay any attention to Gordie. Gordie's friends are Chris, Teddy Duchamp, and Vern Tessio. While looking for money that he buried beneath his parents' porch, Vern overhears his older brother Billy talking with a friend. Recently, Billy and his friend saw the missing boy named Ray Brower outside of town near train tracks and a river. Billy does not want to report the body because doing so could draw attention to the fact that he and his friend recently stole a car. When Vern tells Gordie, Chris, and Teddy, the four boys – hoping to become local heroes – decide to go looking for the body. After Chris steals his father's pistol, he and Gordie run into local hoodlum John "Ace" Merrill and Chris's older brother, Richard "Eyeball" Chambers. Ace threatens Chris with a lit cigarette and steals Gordie's Yankees cap, which had been a gift from Gordie's brother.

The four boys begin their journey. After stopping for a drink of water at a junkyard, they get caught trespassing by junkyard owner Milo Pressman and his dog, Chopper. They escape over a fence, and Pressman calls Teddy's mentally ill father a "loony"; Teddy, enraged, tries to attack him but is restrained by the other boys. The boys continue their hike, and Chris encourages Gordie to fulfill his potential as a writer despite his father's disapproval. Later, Gordie and Vern are nearly run over by a train while walking across a train bridge, but Gordie saves both their lives by throwing himself and Vern off the bridge at the last second.

That evening, Gordie tells the fictional story of David "Lard-Ass" Hogan, an obese boy who is constantly bullied. Seeking revenge, Lard-Ass enters a pie-eating contest and deliberately vomits, inducing mass vomiting (a "barf-o-rama") among contestants and the audience. During the night, Chris tells Gordie that he hates being associated with his family's reputation. Chris admits to Gordie that he stole milk money at school. However, he tells Gordie that he later confessed and returned the money to a teacher. Despite this, Chris was suspended; apparently, the teacher spent the money on herself instead of turning it in to her superiors. Still devastated by the teacher's betrayal, Chris breaks down and cries.

The next day, the boys swim across a swamp and discover that it is filled with leeches. Gordie briefly faints after finding a leech on his scrotum. After more hiking, the boys locate Ray Brower's body. The discovery is traumatic for Gordie, who asks Chris why his brother Denny had to die and claims that his father hates him. Chris disagrees, asserting that Gordie's father simply does not know him well.

Ace and his gang arrive, announce that they are claiming the body, and threaten to beat the four boys if they interfere. When Chris insults Ace and refuses to back down from him, Ace draws a switchblade to kill him. Gordie comes to Chris's aid by firing a shot into the air with Chris's father's gun and then pointing the gun at Ace. Ace demands that Gordie give him the gun, but Gordie refuses, calling Ace a "cheap dime-store hood". Ace taunts Gordie by asking whether he plans to shoot Ace's entire gang, and Gordie responds, "No, Ace. Just you.” Ace and his gang depart, vowing revenge.

The four boys, agreeing that it would not be right for anyone to get the credit for finding the body, report it to the authorities via an anonymous phone call. They walk back to Castle Rock and part ways, and the extended flashback ends. The present-day Gordie reveals that Teddy and Vern drifted away from him and Chris shortly after entering high school and explains that Chris later went to college and became a lawyer. When attempting to break up a fight in a restaurant, he was stabbed to death. Despite having not seen Chris for nearly 10 years Gordie types that he will miss him forever.

Gordie ends his story with the following words: "I never had any friends later on like the ones I had when I was twelve. Jesus, does anyone?" He then takes a moment to ponder that, then goes outside to play with his son and his son's friend.

Cast

Production

The film was adapted from the Stephen King novella The Body.[4] Bruce A. Evans sent a copy of The Body to Karen Gideon, the wife of his friend and writing partner Raynold Gideon, on August 29, 1983 as a gift for her birthday.[5] Both Gideon and Evans quickly became fans of the novella and shortly thereafter contacted King's agent, Kirby McCauley, seeking to negotiate film rights; McCauley replied that King's terms were $100,000 and 10% of the gross profits. Although the money was not an issue, the share of gross profits was considered excessive, especially considering that no stars could be featured to help sell the movie. In response, Evans and Gideon pursued an established director, Adrian Lyne, to help sell the project.[5]

After reading the novella, Lyne teamed up with Evans and Gideon, but all the studios the trio approached turned the project down except for Martin Shafer at Embassy Pictures. Embassy spent four months negotiating the rights with McCauley, settling on $50,000 and a smaller share of the profits, and Evans and Gideon spent eight weeks writing the screenplay. Evans and Gideon asked to also produce the film, but Shafer suggested they team up with Andy Scheinman, a more experienced producer.[5] Embassy was unwilling to meet Lyne's salary for directing the film until Evans and Gideon agreed to give up half of their share of profits to meet Lyne's asking price.[5]

Rob Reiner later recalled that Lyne was going to direct the film, but had promised himself a vacation following the production of 9½ Weeks,[6][7] and would not be available to start production until the spring of 1986.[5] Reiner was better known at the time for playing Michael Stivic in All in the Family and had just started a directing career, making comedies like This Is Spinal Tap and The Sure Thing. He was sent the script by Scheinman,[5] and his initial reaction was the script had promise but "no focus".[8] After Lyne withdrew from the project, Reiner signed on to direct in September 1984.[5] In a 2011 interview, Reiner discussed his realization that the film should focus on the character of Gordie:

"In the book it was about four boys, but...once I made Gordie the central focus of the piece then it made sense to me: this movie was all about a kid who didn’t feel good about himself and whose father didn’t love him. And through the experience of going to find the dead body and his friendship with these boys, he began to feel empowered and went on to become a very successful writer. He basically became Stephen King."[6]

Reiner has said that he identified with Gordie, as he himself struggled with the shadow of fame cast by his comedian father, Carl Reiner.[8] The writers incorporated Reiner's suggestions, producing a new script by December 1984 for Embassy's review and approval.[5]

Days before shooting started in the summer of 1985, Embassy was sold to Columbia Pictures, who made plans to cancel the production.[5] Norman Lear, one of the co-owners of Embassy and the developer of All in the Family, gave $7.5 million of his own money to complete the film, citing his faith in Reiner and the script.[8] However, since Embassy also would have distributed the film, once the film was completed it had no distributor. The producers showed a print to Michael Ovitz, head of the powerful Creative Artists Agency, and Ovitz promised to help them find a distributor.[5] Paramount, Universal Pictures, and Warner Bros. all passed on the film; Columbia Pictures production head Guy McElwaine screened the film at his house because he was feeling ill, and the positive reaction of his daughters convinced him to distribute the film.[5][8]

Casting

In a 2011 interview with NPR, Wil Wheaton attributed the film's success to the director's casting choices:

Rob Reiner found four young boys who basically were the characters we played. I was awkward and nerdy and shy and uncomfortable in my own skin and really, really sensitive, and River was cool and really smart and passionate and even at that age kind of like a father figure to some of us, Jerry was one of the funniest people I had ever seen in my life, either before or since, and Corey was unbelievably angry and in an incredible amount of pain and had an absolutely terrible relationship with his parents.[9]

Feldman recalled how his home life translated into his onscreen character: "[Most kids aren't] thinking they're going to get hit by their parents because they're not doing well enough in school, which will prevent them from getting a work permit, which will prevent them from being an actor."[8] O'Connell agreed that he was cast based on how his personality fit the role, saying "Rob really wanted us to understand our characters. He interviewed our characters. [...] I tried to stay like Vern and say the stupid things Vern would. I think I was Vern that summer."[10] Reiner and the producers interviewed more than 70 boys for the four main roles,[5] out of more than 300 who auditioned;[10] Phoenix originally read for the part of Gordie Lachance.[10]

Rather than start shooting right away, Reiner put the four main actors together for two weeks to play games from Viola Spolin's Improvisation for the Theater (which Reiner called "the bible" of theater games)[10] and build camaraderie, which led to a real friendship between them and several one-shot takes, where the young actors hit their cues perfectly.[8] Wheaton would recall "When you saw the four of us being comrades, that was real life, not acting."[10]

Before settling on Richard Dreyfuss as the narrator (and the role of the adult Gordie), Reiner considered David Dukes, Ted Bessell, and Michael McKean.[8]

Filming

Principal photography began on June 17, 1985 and ended in late August 1985.

Locations
Bridge on the road leading into Brownsville, Oregon, which was used for the penultimate scenes (2009)

Parts of the film were shot in Brownsville, Oregon, which stood in for the fictional town of Castle Rock. The town was selected for its small-town 1950s ambience.[11][12] Approximately 100 local residents were employed as extras.[11]

The "barf-o-rama" scene was also filmed in Brownsville. A local bakery supplied the pies and extra filling, which was mixed with large-curd cottage cheese to simulate the vomit.[13] The quantity of simulated vomit varied per person, from as much as 5 US gallons (19 l) during the triggering event to little as 1⁄16 US gallon (0.24 l).[13]

The McCloud River Railroad trestle across Lake Britton in California, which was used for the train chase scene (2012)

The scene where the boys outrace a steam train engine across an 80-foot tall trestle was filmed on the McCloud River Railroad, above Lake Britton Reservoir near McArthur-Burney Falls Memorial State Park in California.[14] The scene took a full week to shoot, making use of four small adult female stunt doubles with closely cropped hair who were made up to look like the film's protagonists.[14] Plywood planks were laid across the ties to provide a safer surface on which the stunt doubles could run.[14] The locomotive used for the scene, M.C.R.R. 25, is still in daily operation for excursion service on the Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad.[14] Telephoto compression was used to make the train appear much closer than it actually was. The actors did not feel a sense of danger until Reiner threatened them as follows: "You see those guys? They don’t want to push that dolly down the track any more. And the reason they’re getting tired is because of you... I told them if they weren't worried that the train was going to kill them, then they should worry that I was going to. And that's when they ran."[6]

Music

Jack Nitzsche composed the film's musical score. On August 8, 1986, a soundtrack album was released containing many of the 1950s and early 1960s oldies songs featured in the film:

  1. "Everyday" (Buddy Holly) – 2:07
  2. "Let the Good Times Roll" (Shirley and Lee) – 2:22
  3. "Come Go with Me" (The Del-Vikings) – 2:40
  4. "Whispering Bells" (The Del-Vikings) – 2:25
  5. "Get a Job" (The Silhouettes) – 2:44
  6. "Lollipop" (The Chordettes) – 2:09
  7. "Yakety Yak" (The Coasters) – 1:52
  8. "Great Balls of Fire" (Jerry Lee Lewis) – 1:52
  9. "Mr. Lee" (The Bobbettes) – 2:14
  10. "Stand by Me" (Ben E. King) – 2:55

The movie's success sparked a renewed interest in Ben E. King's song. Initially a #4 pop hit in 1961,[15] the song re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 in October 1986, eventually peaking at #9 in December of that year.[15]

Title

In March 1986, Columbia Pictures, concerned that the original title, The Body, was misleading, renamed the film Stand by Me. According to screenwriter Raynold Gideon, The Body "sounded like either a sex film, a bodybuilding film or another Stephen King horror film. Rob came up with Stand by Me, and it ended up being the least unpopular option."[16]

Reception

Awards

At the 8th Youth in Film Awards, the film received the Jackie Coogan Award for Outstanding Contribution to Youth Through Motion Picture – Ensemble Cast in a Feature Film (Wil Wheaton, River Phoenix, Corey Feldman, and Jerry O'Connell).[17]

Box office

The film was a box office success in North America. It opened in a limited release in 16 theaters on August 8, 1986, and grossed $242,795, averaging $15,174 per theater. The film then had its wide opening in 745 theaters on August 22 and grossed $3,812,093, averaging $5,116 per theater and ranking #2. The film's widest release was 848 theaters, and it ended up earning $52,287,414 overall, well above its $8 million budget.[18]

Critical response

Reviewing the film for The New York Times, Walter Goodman opined that Reiner's direction was rather self-conscious, "looking constantly at his audience". Goodman called the film a "trite narrative" and said that "Reiner's direction hammers in every obvious element in an obvious script."[19] In his review for the Chicago Tribune, Dave Kehr wrote that there was "nothing natural in the way Reiner has overloaded his film with manufactured drama".[20] In contrast, Sheila Benson called the film "[a treasure] absolutely not to be missed" in her review for the Los Angeles Times.[21] Paul Attanasio, reviewing for The Washington Post, called the acting ensemble "wonderful" and particularly praised the performances by Wheaton and Phoenix.[22]

Stephen King was very impressed with the film.[23] On the special features of the 25th anniversary Blu-ray set, King indicated that he considered the film to be the first successful translation to film of any of his works. According to a later interview with Gene Siskel, Reiner recalled that after a private early screening of the film, King excused himself for fifteen minutes to compose himself; he later returned to remark, "'That's the best film ever made out of anything I've written, which isn't saying much. But you've really captured my story. It is autobiographical.'"[24]

In a Reddit "Ask Me Anything" chat in 2017, Reiner said that Stand By Me is his personal favourite of his own films.[25]

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 54 reviews, with a rating average of 7.98/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Stand By Me is a wise, nostalgic movie with a weird streak that captures both Stephen King's voice and the trials of growing up."[26] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews, the film has score of 75 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[26]

Nominations

Legacy

In a 2011 piece entitled "25 years of 'Stand by Me'", writer Alex Hannaford opined that "[for] anyone older than about 33, Stand by Me remains one of the greatest films to come out of the Eighties." Hannaford added that the film "has a charm and depth that seems to resonate with each generation".[6]

In 2016, several writers commemorated the 30-year anniversary of the film's release. Rolling Stone's Charles Bramesco called Stand By Me "timeless", "a staple of youthful nostalgia for its deft straddling of the line between childhood and adulthood", and "the rare movie that necessarily gets better with time".[33] Others described the film as a "coming-of-age classic"[34][35] and as a film that stood at "the apex of the ’80s kids’ movie boom".[36]

Events and tourism

Brownsville, Oregon has held an annual "Stand By Me Day" since 2007. The event has attracted international participants.[11] On July 24, 2010, a 25th Anniversary celebration of the filming of Stand by Me was held in Brownsville. The event included a cast and crew Q&A session, an amateur pie-eating contest, and an outdoor showing of the film.[37]

In 2013, July 23 was designated as Stand By Me Day by the Brownsville Chamber of Commerce.[38] To encourage tourism, the city has embedded a penny in the street at a location where the fictional Vern found one in the film. An advertising mural painted for the movie production has survived.[39]

Movies
  • The Oscar-nominated urban drama Boyz n the Hood has several direct references to Stand by Me, including a trip by four young boys to see a dead body, and the closing fade-out of one of the main characters. Director John Singleton has stated that he included the references because he was a fan of the movie.[40]
  • The coming-of-age film Now and Then (1995) has been described as a "female" version of Stand by Me by many critics.
  • Jonathan Bernstein states the pop culture discussions between characters in films by Quentin Tarantino originate in the similar semi-serious banter between the boys of Stand by Me.[41]
  • Reviewers have seen an influence from Stand by Me in the 2011 movie Attack the Block, directed by Joe Cornish.[42]
  • The movie Mud (2012) has a character (Neckbone) who has been called a "perfect fusion of River Phoenix and Jerry O'Connell in 'Stand by Me.'"[43][44] The writer and director, Jeff Nichols, said of the film "Yeah, you know, I basically remade Stand by Me" when defending the work-in-progress to studio executives.[45]
  • The Kings of Summer, a 2013 coming-of-age film by Jordan Vogt-Roberts, has been reviewed as being inspired by Stand by Me.[43][46][47]

Music

Dan Mangan's song "Rows of Houses" (2011) is based on the film and takes the perspective of Gordie Lachance.[48]

Production company

In 1987, following the success of Stand by Me, Reiner co-founded a film and television production company and named it Castle Rock Entertainment, after the fictional town in which the film is set.[23]

Television
  • Seinfeld, the first television show produced by Reiner's Castle Rock production company, featured banter between Jerry Seinfeld and George Costanza that was reminiscent of the dialogue between the protagonists of Stand by Me.[41]
  • The plotline of "The Blunder Years", a 2001 episode from the thirteenth season of The Simpsons, revolves around a repressed childhood trauma in which Homer Simpson, along with his friends Lenny and Carl, discover a body blocking an inlet for the Springfield Quarry.[43][49]
  • Actors auditioning for roles on the Netflix show Stranger Things were asked to read lines from Stand by Me and one episode was titled "The Body" in homage to the source novella.

[43][50]

gollark: Anyway, this archive format is perfect and without flaw.
gollark: I mean, except the magic number, which is there for convenience.
gollark: The headers are per-file.
gollark: Flea eggs are discrete entities.
gollark: Actually, nothing lighter than flea eggs exists whatsoever.

References
  1. "Stand by Me (1986) - Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com.
  2. "Stand by Me (15)". British Board of Film Classification. November 14, 1986. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
  3. "Stand by Me". The Numbers. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
  4. "All the Stephen King Easter Eggs in Hulu's 'Castle Rock' – From Shawshank to Sissy Spacek". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  5. Scott, Vernon (November 21, 1986). "How 'Stand By Me' Was Almost Left Standing At The Gate". Chicago Tribune. United Press International. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  6. Hannaford, Alex (June 13, 2011). "25 years of 'Stand by Me'". The Telegraph. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  7. "Rob Reiner – Archive Interview Part 6 of 8". Foundation Interviews. March 20, 2008. Archived from the original on September 21, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2017 – via YouTube.
  8. Lang, Brent (July 28, 2016). "'Stand by Me' Oral History: Rob Reiner and Cast on River Phoenix and How Coming-of-Age Classic Almost Didn't Happen". Variety. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  9. Wheaton, Wil (August 6, 2011). "All Things Considered". National Public Radio (Interview). Interviewed by David Greene. Meriden, Connecticut: WNPR. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  10. Harmetz, Aljean (September 16, 1986). "How 4 boys in 'Stand by Me' became a film team". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  11. Paul, Alex (July 20, 2016). "Linda McCormick Can Tell You All About the Film 'Stand by Me'". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved April 21, 2017.; special section, pg. S2.
  12. "Stand By Me Filming Locations". Fast Rewind. 2015. Archived from the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  13. McGovern, Joe (May 12, 2016). "'Stand by Me' turns 30: The blueberry pie scene gets an oral history". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  14. Paul, Alex (July 20, 2016). "Bend Attorney Helped Drive 'Stand By Me' Train". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved April 21, 2017.; special section, pp. S3, S8.
  15. "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  16. Stand By Me DVD Booklet. Columbia TriStar Home Video. 2000.
  17. Harcum, Chris (January 3, 2011). "What's On Today". nytimes.com. USA.
  18. "Stand by Me". Box Office Mojo. August 8, 1986. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
  19. Goodman, Walter (August 8, 1986). "Movie Review: Rob Reiner's 'Stand By Me'". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  20. Kehr, Dave (August 22, 1986). "Textbook Drama Trips Up 'Stand By Me'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  21. Benson, Sheila (August 8, 1986). "From the Archives: 'Stand by Me' is a summer standout". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  22. Attanasio, Paul (August 22, 1986). "Movies: 'Stand by Me'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  23. Herman, Karen (November 29, 2004). "Interview with Rob Reiner". Archive of American Television.
  24. Siskel, Gene (August 17, 1986). "'Meathead' Rob Reiner Meets And Defeats His Longtime Demons". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  25. "r/movies - Rob Reiner here signing in for my first AMA. Here we go…". reddit. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  26. "Stand by Me", Rotten Tomatoes, retrieved April 1, 2018
  27. Susman, Gary. "12 Things You Never Knew About 'Stand by Me'". www.moviefone.com.
  28. "5 Directors Nominated As Best by Their Guild". January 29, 1987 – via NYTimes.com.
  29. "PHOTO: 'Stand by Me' Cast Reunites 25 Years Later". The Hollywood Reporter.
  30. "Stand By Me". www.goldenglobes.com.
  31. "National Board of Review Top Films Archives".
  32. "Oliver Stone Receives Two Writers Guild Nominations". AP NEWS.
  33. Bramesco, Charles (August 22, 2016). "'Stand by Me' at 30: Why This Stephen King Movie Is Timeless". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  34. Waxman, Olivia (August 8, 2016). "Stand by Me at 30: 'Maybe This Is How Rambo Discovered Puberty'". Time. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  35. Lang, Brendan (July 28, 2016). "'Stand by Me' Oral History: Rob Reiner and Cast on River Phoenix and How Coming-of-Age Classic Almost Didn't Happen". Variety. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  36. Alter, Ethan (August 8, 2016). "'Stand by Me' Turns 30: The Screenwriters on That R Rating and Showing the Movie to Stephen King". Yahoo. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  37. Paul, Alex (July 10, 2010). "'Stand By Me' festival slated". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  38. Moody, Jennifer (July 15, 2013). "Brownsville gears up for Stand By Me Day". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
  39. Zawicki, Neil (July 23, 2016). "30 years on for Stand By Me". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
  40. Will Jones (November 1, 2016). "Talking Boyz N the Hood". Vice. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  41. Bernstein, Jonathan (February 1997). "10 — The Next Generation: Neurotics, Psychotics, Weirdos, Underachievers and Would-be Teen Idols". Pretty in Pink: The Golden Age of Teenage Movies. New York, New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 208–210. ISBN 0-312-15194-2. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  42. Melin, Eric (October 29, 2011). "'Dazed and Confused' Blu-Ray Finally Out, and 'Attack the Block'". Scene Stealers. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  43. Gallen, Sean (August 9, 2016). "Stand By Me: 5 Times It Inspired Pop Culture". Movie Pilot. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  44. Emerson, Jim (April 25, 2013). "Mud (review)". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  45. Jeff Nichols (March 25, 2016). "The Shot Caller Q+A: Midnight Special Director Jeff Nichols" (Interview). Interviewed by Zach Baron. GQ. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  46. Pols, Mary (May 31, 2013). "The Kings of Summer: Boys N the Woods". Time. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  47. Lussier, Germain (January 24, 2013). "'The Kings of Summer' Review: 'Superbad' Meets 'Stand By Me' [Sundance 2013]". Slashfilm. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  48. "Dan Mangan 'Row of Houses': Video for the Canadian singer-songwriter's new single 'Row of Houses'". Rolling Stone. September 27, 2011.
  49. Maxtone-Graham, Ian (December 9, 2001). "The Blunder Years". Simpsons Archive. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  50. Lai, Kristin (August 8, 2016). "The True Story Behind Stephen King's 'The Body' And 'Stand By Me'". Movie Pilot. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  1. The actor who played Chris, River Phoenix, also died young, at the age of 23.

Reviews
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