St Mary's Priory Church, Monmouth

St Mary's Priory Church, in Whitecross Street, Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales, is an Anglican church founded as a Benedictine priory in 1075. The current church dates mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries. It was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1952. It is one of 24 buildings on the Monmouth Heritage Trail.

St Mary's Priory Church, Monmouth
Entrance to the church on Whitecross Street
51.8132°N 2.714°W / 51.8132; -2.714
LocationMonmouth, Monmouthshire
CountryWales
DenominationAnglican
WebsiteMonmouth Parishes: St Mary's Priory Church
History
StatusChurch in Wales parish church
Founder(s)Withenoc (or Gwethenoc)
DedicationSaint Mary the Virgin
Architecture
Functional statusActive
Heritage designationGrade II*
Designated27 June 1952 (1952-06-27)
Architect(s)
Specifications
MaterialsOld Red Sandstone (tower)
Administration
ParishMonmouth
DeaneryNewport and Monmouth
DioceseDiocese of Monmouth
Clergy
Vicar(s)Vacant
Laity
Director of musicPhilip Chant
Churchwarden(s)Colin Robinson

History and architecture
See also: Monmouth Priory
1799 aquatinted print by R. Ackermann

Exterior

The priory church was founded by Withenoc (or Gwethenoc), a Breton who became lord of Monmouth in 1075 after Roger de Breteuil, the son of William fitzOsbern, was disgraced for allowing his sister to wed the Earl of Norfolk against the wishes of King William.[1] There is evidence in the Book of Llandaff of an earlier 8th century Celtic church at Aper Menei, which is interpreted to be Monmouth, and it has been tentatively suggested that this may have been on the site of the later priory.[2]

The priory was granted to the Abbey of St Florent at Saumur, and was consecrated in the presence of William fitzBaderon[3] in 1101. It was extended and became the parish church later in the twelfth century. Few traces of the early building remain, other than a short section of Norman wall.[1]

The tower, of Old Red Sandstone with three stages, dates from the fourteenth century.[4] The building deteriorated after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536. By 1730, the church was described as ruinous and decayed.[5] Significant rebuilding was undertaken in 1736-7 by Francis Smith of Warwick, who constructed an entirely new nave, but this work has also mostly gone. [4] A new spire rising to a height of 60 metres (200 ft) was provided in 1743, to the design of Nathaniel Wilkinson of Worcester.[6] In the late nineteenth century, the church was almost completely rebuilt by George Edmund Street.[6] Street's structural report of 1879 was dismissive: "it might be said to have no style at all, at any rate it [is] extremely unattractive and uninteresting."[6] His original intention was complete demolition and rebuilding, but the estimated cost of £22,000 was too high and he was limited to reconstruction, in which the tower and the steeple were retained.[7]

St Mary's Church by E.Heath, in about 1865[8]

The church is by far the tallest building in Monmouth, with the gilded cockerel weather vane some 205 feet above the ground.[9] The spire also has a gilded clock.

Interior

The interior dates from 1882 and was designed to accommodate 1,000 people, but many pews have now been removed. There are two chapels, but these were later additions. The rood was originally plain wood and has only recently been coloured. Part of the rood screen has been moved to the rear of the church to form a narthex. The Lady Chapel contains an English Altar with four riddel posts each with an unusual brass base and wrought iron capital supporting a newly gilded angel. The screen features the ironwork and woodwork of Letheren and Martin (the latter of whom made the Speaker's Chair in the House of Commons and the pulpit of St Paul's Cathedral).

St Mary's Church, 1905

The interior stained glass is mainly by Charles Eamer Kempe, of the 1880s.[6] The Four Rivers of Paradise window is particularly fine, depicting the Pishon, Gihon, Tigris and Euphrates. The window was donated by Charles Henry Crompton-Roberts, of Drybridge House, a local business man and landowner who was a substantial benefactor to the town.[10] After Kempe's death, his company also undertook the Four Edwards Window on the South wall, completed in 1911.[4] It features Edward VII, a close friend of Lord Llangattock of The Hendre, a local landowner, as well as Edward the Confessor, Edward I and Edward, the Black Prince.[11] In the South aisle is a window designed in 1938 by the church curate, B. F. L. Clarke, showing Gwethenoc, Geoffrey of Monmouth, and the church's architects Francis Smith and G. E. Street.[12] The North chapel has screens by William Douglas Caroe. The reredos, a large altar painting entitled The Adoration of the Magi, is by James Watney Wilson, RA, and dates from 1888.[13] The architectural historian John Newman, in his Gwent/Monmouthshire Pevsner, describes it as "large and austere."[4] The church contains several notable memorials, including one to Philip Fisher, architect of the Shire Hall, and Philip Meakins Hardwick, responsible for the monuments on The Kymin.[12]

Interior of the church

The walls of the South aisle display sets of rare medieval tiles. Many were made in Malvern, but recent excavation on Monk Street has uncovered the kiln in which a number of the earlier examples were fired locally.[14] One of the tiles shows the Bohun swan, a swan in chains, the badge of Mary de Bohun, the mother of Henry V who was born in the nearby castle, and another shows the arms of Westminster Abbey.[15]

The fine pipe organ is situated to the left of the chancel and has been recently renovated. The church now hosts a series of organ recitals throughout the summer. The font is of carved Portland stone and green Genoa marble and was installed in the present position in 1982.[11]

The bells

The precise origins of the bells are unknown but earliest records show that in 1673 the church: ".. paid Robert Marshall for staples and locks and keys and the irons for five bells – £1.2.6".

When originally installed the bells were in line with the apex of the nave roof and a substantial amount of their sideways thrust, when rung, was absorbed by the roof. But the demolition of the church in 1736 meant that this support was lost. By 1883 The bells were in need of an overhaul and the bell frame was replaced at a cost of £200. Half of this cost was met by the local lodge of Freemasons (who had paraded in full regalia at the opening ceremony of the new Victorian Church on 2 November 1882).

In 1953 all eight bells were overhauled and re-hung on ball bearings by Gillett & Johnston of Croydon. They were rededicated on 1 June 1953. In October 1972 the bells were repaired again. An appeal by the Mayor of Monmouth raised £4,000 but the problem persisted. In 1982, as a result of a £10,000 bequest, the Whitechapel Bell Foundry was commissioned to re-tune and re-hang the bells, at a cost of £22,000, lower down in the tower. They were rededicated on 7 November 1982 and are now rung from a platform above the main entrance to the church.[16]

The eight current bells are as follows:

Bell Diameter (mm) Weight (kg) Note
1 710 246 Eb
2 740 248 D
3 800 305 C
4 865 357 Bb
5 950 510 Ab
6 990 550 G
7 1070 660 F
8 1200 860 Eb

Kelly's Directory of 1901 also mentions ".. a fire bell, recast at the expense of Mr. Job Rees, late captain of the fire brigade."[17] The bell, which originally hung on the outside of the tower, and which was originally cast in 1604, is now on display in the entrance porch to the church.

The graveyard and surroundings
Gravestone of John Renie

At the eastern end of the churchyard, very near the church, is the gravestone of John Renie, his wife and two sons. Renie was a house painter who died in 1832 at the age of 33. The gravestone was Grade II listed on 8 October 2005.[18] It comprises a rectangular carved 285-letter acrostic puzzle. From the larger H on the centre square the sentence "Here lies John Renie" may be read in any direction.[17] It is claimed that the sentence may be read a total of 46,000 different ways.[15] It is likely that Renie carved the stone himself. Writer and cleric Lionel Fanthorpe has suggested that his intention may have been to confuse the Devil, so ensuring Renie his passage to heaven.[19] In fact, Renie's remains lie elsewhere, as the stone was moved from its original position at a later date.[20] Nevertheless, Renie's gravestone is a listed building as is that of Charles Heath who is also buried in the graveyard.[21]

The churchyard walls, railings, gate piers and gates to the south-east of the church were designated as Grade II* listed buildings on 15 August 1974.[22] The wrought iron churchyard gates date from 1759, and the rusticated stone piers with side arches are from the 1830s.[14]

Remains of the monastic foundation are sited on the adjacent Priory Street, including the Prior's Lodging, with a fine fifteenth century oriel window,[6] often mistakenly thought to have a connection with Geoffrey of Monmouth. Geoffrey is believed to have been born in the town around 1100, probably of Breton parents, about the time that the first priory was being built.[23]

In 1851 Monmouth Cemetery was created when Monmouth Council closed St Mary's Churchyard for burials, when decaying human remains started to appear above ground. This was caused by the raised height of the churchyard. Residents in neighbouring Whitecross Street suffered a high mortality rate as a result and unpleasant odours from the churchyard were also evident. [24]

Services

The church is part of the Monmouth Group of Parishes, within the Church in Wales,[25] and holds regular weekly services.[26] The Diocese of Monmouth, the cathedral of which is the Cathedral Church of St Woolos in Newport, is one of the six dioceses of the Church in Wales. On 12 July 2010 a service was held at St Mary's to commemorate the life of local man Charles Rolls, founder of Rolls-Royce Limited, 100 years after his death.

Notes
  1. Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Historic Landscape Characterisation: Lower Wye Valley. Accessed 11 January 2012
  2. Sarah and John Zaluckyj, The Celtic Christian Sites of the Central and Southern Marches, Logaston Press, 2006, ISBN 1-904396-57-7, p.377
  3. "The Haskins Society Journal, Volume 16: Studies in Medieval History". The Haskins Society Journal:Studies in Medieval History. Boydell Press. 16. 2005. ISBN 978-1-84383-255-3. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  4. Newman 2000, p. 396.
  5. Kissack 2003, pp. 69–73.
  6. Newman 2000, p. 395.
  7. Kissack 1975, p. 113.
  8. St. Mary's Church, Monmouth, People's Collection Wales, accessed 25 January 2012
  9. "Welcome to the Website of Wye Valley Music". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  10. "From Featherbeds to Bridges": The story of Drybridge House and the Crompton-Roberts family, p.49
  11. "The Monmouth Group of Parishes - The Anglican churches in the Monmouth area". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  12. Kissack 2003.
  13. Imaging the Bible in Wales: James Watney Watson. Accessed 13 January 2012
  14. Newman 2000, p. 397.
  15. Monmouth Civic Society, Monmouth Heritage Blue Plaque Trail, n.d., p. 12
  16. "The Monmouth Group of Parishes - The Anglican churches in the Monmouth area". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  17. "KELLY'S DIRECTORY OF MONMOUTHSHIRE, 1901". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  18. Stuff, Good. "Gravestone of John Renie in Churchyard of Church of St. Mary - Monmouth - Monmouthshire - Wales - British Listed Buildings". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  19. Suzanne Donald, BBC South East Wales, Who was John Renie?, 9 March 2006 Archived 6 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 12 January 2012
  20. Roy Palmer, The Folklore of (old) Monmouthshire, Logaston Press, 1998, ISBN 1-873827-40-7, p. 177
  21. "Memorial to Charles Heath in Churchyard of Church of St. Mary, Monmouth". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  22. Churchyard Walls, etc. at British Listed Buildings, accessed 24 January 2012
  23. National Library of Wales, Welsh Biography Online. Accessed 13 January 2012
  24. "History of Monmouth Cemetery". Monmouthshire County Council. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  25. "St Mary's Priory Church" at monmouthparishes.org. Accessed 12 January 2012
  26. Monmouth Group of Parishes Archived 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 12 January 2012
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References
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