Sapsucker

The sapsuckers are species of North American woodpeckers in the genus Sphyrapicus.

Sapsuckers
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Piciformes
Family:	Picidae
Tribe:	Melanerpini
Genus:	Sphyrapicus S.F. Baird, 1858
Species
Sphyrapicus varius Sphyrapicus nuchalis Sphyrapicus ruber Sphyrapicus thyroideus

Taxonomy and systematics

The genus Sphyrapicus was introduced in 1858 by the American naturalist Spencer Baird with the yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) as the type species.[1] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek sphura meaning "hammer" and pikos meaning "woodpecker".[2] The genus is sister to the genus Melanerpes; both genera are members of the tribe Melanerpini in the woodpecker subfamily Picinae.[3]

There are four currently recognized species in the genus:[4]

Image	Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
	S. nuchalis	Red-naped sapsucker	the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin areas of North America
	S. ruber	Red-breasted sapsucker	southeast Alaska and British Columbia south through the Pacific Coast Ranges of western Washington and Oregon and northern California
	S. thyroideus	Williamson's sapsucker	western North America from northern Mexico as far north as British Columbia
	S. varius	Yellow-bellied sapsucker	Canada, eastern Alaska and the northeastern United States

Description

The members of this genus are slender birds with stiff tails and relatively long wings. Their typical pattern in flight is undulating, alternating between quick bursts of wing beats and short dips with wings tucked against the body.

Behavior

As their name implies, sapsuckers feed primarily on the sap of trees, moving among different tree and shrub species on a seasonal basis. Insects, especially those attracted to the sweet sap exuding from sap holes, are often captured and fed to the young during the breeding season. The most easily recognized sap holes are found in birch trees during the breeding season.

Because sapsuckers attack living trees, they are often considered a pest species.[5] Intensive feeding by sapsuckers is a cause of severe tree damage and mortality, with certain tree species more adversely affected by feeding than others. A USDA Forest Service study found that 67 percent of gray birch (Betula populifolia) trees damaged by yellow-bellied sapsuckers later died of their injuries.[6] This compares to a mortality of 51 percent for paper birch (Betula papyrifera), 40 percent for red maple (Acer rubrum), 3 percent for red spruce (Picea rubens), and 1 percent for hemlock (Tsuga canadensis).[6]

• 
  Holes drilled by red-naped sapsucker in Platanus wrightii in Arizona, USA

References

1. Baird, Spencer F. (1858). Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practical and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean made under the direction of the secretary of war in 1853-1856. Volume 9 Birds. Washington: Beverly Tucker, printer. pp. xviii, xxviii, 80, 101.
2. Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, UK: Christopher Helm. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
3. Shakya, S.B.; Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.-M.; Sheldon, F.H. (2017). "Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 116: 182–191. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005.
4. "ITIS Report: Sphyrapicus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
5. TATE, J. 1973. Methods and annual sequence of foraging by the sapsucker. Auk 90:840-856.
6. Rushmore, Francis (1969). "Sapsucker: Damage Varies with Tree Species and Seasons" (PDF). Forest Service Research Paper NE-136. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, PA: USDA. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links

• Sapsucker genus