Tus, Iran

Tus (Persian: طوس‎ or توس Ṫus or Tus), also spelled as Tous, Toos or Tūs, is an ancient city in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran near Mashhad. To the ancient Greeks, it was known as Susia (Ancient Greek: Σούσια). It was also known as Tusa.[1] Tus was divided into four cities, Tabran, Radakan, Noan and Teroid. The whole area which today is only called Tus was the largest city in the whole area in the fifth century. [2]

"Susia" redirects here. For the Israeli settlement, see Susya.
This article is about the ancient city. For the nearby modern-day villages, see Tus-e Olya and Tus-e Sofla.
Tus
طوس • توس
Ferdowsi's tomb in Tus
Location of the site
LocationRazavi Khorasan Province, Iran
Coordinates36°27′15.0″N 59°34′01.0″E
TypeSettlement
Site notes
ConditionIn ruins
The vast Haruniyeh Dome in Tus. Some say it is the tomb of al-Ghazali, but this is disputed.

History

According to legend Tous son of Nowzar founded the city of Tous in the province of Khorassan next to today's city of Mashhad. It is said that the city of Tous was the capital of Parthia and the residence of King Vishtaspa, who was the first converted to Zoroastianism.[3] It was captured by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE.

Tus was taken by the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik and remained under Umayyad control until 747, when a subordinate of Abu Muslim Khorasani defeated the Umayyad governor during the Abbasid Revolution.[4] In 809, the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid fell ill and died in Tus, on his way to solve the unrest in Khorasan.[5] His grave is located in the region.[6]

In 1220, Tus was sacked by the Mongol general, Subutai, and a year later Tolui would kill most of its populace,[7] and destroying the tomb of Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the process.[8] Decades later, Tus would be rebuilt under the governorship of Kuerguez.[8]

The most famous person who has emerged from that area is the poet Ferdowsi, author of the Persian epic Shahnameh, whose mausoleum, built in 1934 in time for the millennium of his birth, dominates the town. Other notable residents of Tus include the theologian, jurist, philosopher and mystic al-Ghazali; early polymath Jābir ibn Hayyān; the poet Asadi Tusi; the powerful Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk; the medieval polymath Nasir al-Din al-Tusi; the prominent Usooli mujtahid (Twelver-Shi'a law interpreter) Shaykh Tusi; and the noted Sufi mystic and historian Abu Nasr as-Sarraj.[9]

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See also
  • Al-Tusi – a descriptor used for individuals associated with Tus
  • Tus citadel

References
  1. Keall, E., M. Roaf, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 952108 (Tusa/Sousia)". Pleiades. Retrieved January 5, 2015.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. The Ancient City of Toos-Tus-
  3. Justi: Iranisches Namenbuch, 1963, p. 157.
  4. Tus, V. Minorsky, The Encyclopaedia of Islam', ol. X, ed. P.J. Bearman, T. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs, (Brill, 2000), 741.
  5. The Court of the Caliphs by Hugh N Kennedy (ISBN 0 297 83000 7)
  6. Hudud al-Alam translated by V. Minorsky (SBN 7189 -2-1 7)
  7. Tus, Gisela Helmecke, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Vol. I, ed. Josef W. Meri, (Routledge, 2006), 838.
  8. Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, Vol. 2, ed. E. Bretschneider, (Routledge, 2000), 65.
  9. Esposito, John, ed. (2003). "Sarraj, Abu Nasr al-". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195125580. Retrieved 24 April 2018.

Sources


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