Soncino family (printers)
The Soncino family (Hebrew: משפחת שונצינו) was an Italian Ashkenazik Jewish family of printers, deriving its name from the town of Soncino in the duchy of Milan. It traces its descent through a Moses of Fürth, who is mentioned in 1455, back to a certain Moses of Speyer, of the middle of the 14th century. The first of the family engaged in printing was Israel Nathan b. Samuel, the father of Joshua Moses and the grandfather of Gershon. He set up his Hebrew printing-press in Soncino in the year 1483, and published his first work, the tractate Berakot, February 2, 1484. The press was moved about considerably during its existence. It can be traced at Soncino in 1483–86; Casal Maggiore, 1486; Soncino again, 1488–90; Naples, 1490–92; Brescia, 1491–1494; Barco, 1494–97; Fano, 1503-6; Pesaro, 1507–20 (with intervals at Fano, 1516, and Ortona, 1519); Rimini, 1521–26. Members of the family were at Constantinople between 1530 and 1533, and had a branch establishment at Salonica in 1532–33. Their printers' mark was a tower, probably connected in some way with Casal Maggiore.
The last of the Soncinos was Eleazar b. Gershon, who worked at Constantinople from 1534 to 1547. The transfer of their workshop must have had a good deal to do with the development of the printing art among the Jews, both in Italy and in Turkey. While they devoted their main attention to Hebrew books, they published also a considerable number of works in general literature, and even religious works with Christian symbols.
The Soncino prints, though not the earliest, excelled all the others in their perfection of type and their correctness. The Soncino house is also distinguished by being the first to print a Hebrew Bible. An allusion to the forthcoming publication of this edition was made by the type-setter of the "Sefer ha-Ikkarim" (1485), who, on page 45, parodied Isa. ii. 3 thus: "Out of Zion shall go forth the Law, and the word of the Lord from Soncino" (). Abraham b. Hayyim's name appears in the Bible edition as type-setter, and the correctors included Solomon b. Perez Bonfoi ("Mibhar ha-Peninim"), Gabriel Strassburg (Berakot), David b. Elijah Levi and Mordecai b. Reuben Baselea (Hullin), and Eliezer b. Samuel ("Yad").
Family members
Israel Nathan b. Samuel b. Moses Soncino
Died at Brescia, probably in 1492. He wrote the Epilogue for the Casal Maggiore Mahzor of 1486. It was at his suggestion that his son Joshua Soncino took up the work of printing.
Joshua Solomon b. Israel Nathan Soncino
Printer at Soncino from 1483 to 1488, at Naples from 1490 to 1492. He was the uncle of Gershon Soncino. It would appear that he had most to do with starting the printing of the Talmud.
Gershon b. Moses Soncino
(in Italian works, Jeronimo Girolima Soncino or Girolamo Soncino; in Latin works, Hieronymus Soncino): Among the biographies of famous persons of Soncino, Paolo Ceruti states: Gershon was the son of Mosè, and grandson of Israele Nathan, who was son of Samuele, who was son of another Mosè. whose family had originated in Speyer. Ceruti states that in addition to Hebrew, Gershon knew Latin and Greek. He traveled to Savoy, Geneva, and France in search of manuscripts.[1] He specialized in publishing Talmudic texts, but printed other genres. His first printing was of a book, Praeceptorum Kotzensis, from 1488. By 1490, for unclear reasons, he moved to Brescia.[2] There he published in 1491, Mecahabberóth seu poeticarum compositionum by Rabbi Immanuel. This was followed by a texts of the Torah (Pentateuco or Pentateuch): Meghilloth, seu sacris voluminibus and Aphtaróth, seu Prophetarum lectionibus. His output was prodigious, and his life peripatetic. Subsequent printings occurred in Fano, Pesaro, Ortona, Rimini, Thessalonica, and finally Constantinople.[3]
The most important member of the family; born probably at Soncino; died at Constantinople 1533. He claims to have been of great assistance to the exiles from Spain, and especially to those from Portugal; and he made journeys to France in order to collect manuscripts for the works to be printed. He makes a pun upon his name by printing it as two words, "Ger Sham," referring to his many travels. In dedicating his edition of Petrarch (Fano, 1503) to Cæsar Borgia, he mentions that he had had Latin, Greek, and Hebrew types cut out by Francesco da Bologna, who is credited also with having made the cursive types attributed to Aldus Manutius. It is curious that Aldus, for his introduction to a Hebrew grammar (Venice, 1501), used the same types that had been employed by Soncino in 1492.
Eleazar b. Gershon Soncino
Printer between 1534 and 1547. He completed "Miklol" (finished in 1534), the publication of which had been begun by his father, and published "Meleket ha-Mispar," in 1547; and Isaac b. Sheshet's responsa, likewise in 1547.
Moses Soncino
Printer at Salonica in 1526 and 1527; assisted in the printing of the Catalan Mahzor and of the first part of the Yalkut.
Fate of their work
It is estimated that a quarter of all the family's work in Italy was held in the Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica. The library was looted by German agents of the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce on 14 October 1943 and its contents continue to be missing.[4]
List of books printed by the Soncinos
References
- Biografia Soncinate. By Paolo Ceruti, Milano, Giulio Ferrario, 1834, page 182.
- P. Ceruti, page 183.
- P. Ceruti, pages 184–189.
- "Activity Report of the Commission for the Recovery of the Bibliographic Heritage of the Jewish Community in Rome, looted in 1943". The Central Register of Information on Looted Cultural Property. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
External links
- Video Lecture on Jews and Early Printing by Dr. Henry Abramson
- Judaic Treasures of the Library of Congress: Gershom Soncino’s First Book
