Siege of Burgos (1475)
The siege of Burgos was a siege of the castle of Burgos in the Kingdom of Castile between 1475 and early 1476. It was part of the War of the Castilian Succession.
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The siege
In August and September 1475 Queen Isabella I of Castille had strengthened garrisons near the city of Burgos while her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon besieged the city's fortress.[2] The fortress was armed with large Lombard guns that bombarded the city, which had pledged to support Isabella.[1]
The queen's forces harassed King Afonso V of Portugal troops, and managed to cut their supply lines.[3] After learning that the road north from Peñafiel was cut, the Portuguese turned back.[2] Consequently, the Portuguese retreated back to Toro and moved to Zamora in October for the winter.[2] These actions prevented the Portuguese from relieving the besieged castle garrison.[3]
By the end of November 1475, King Ferdinand's brother Alfonso of Aragon arrived with skilled siege engineers. He had gained fame for capturing the Catalan castle of Amposta.[3][2]
King Ferdinand II could not be present when the Burgos garrison surrendered, as he held the siege of Zamora so important that his presence was required there.[4] He left for Zamora in early December.[5] The city had fallen quickly, but the castle of Zamora was retained by the Portuguese. As the king had left, Queen Isabella was tasked with receiving the surrender of Burgos.[4]
The city's fortress surrendered after nine months. Tunnelers had cut off the water supply, and the garrison asked for surrender terms ten days later,[3] on 2 December 1475.[2] After a customary truce of two months, the besieging force was to take control of the fortress.[3][2] However, commander (alcaide) of the garrison Juan de Stúñiga[1] surrendered early on 19 January, and was commended for his valor before his dismissal by Isabella. This act made his father switch sides to Isabella.[2] Cardinal Mendoza, usually part of Queen Isabella's retinue, had overseen the final negotiations, and by 2 February 1476 the queen could visit the fortress.[3]
Aftermath
The fall of Burgos was one of the first major victories against Joanna la Beltraneja. The city of Burgos was a necessary asset for controlling the Kingdom of Castile.[3] The troops tasked with besieging Burgos were sent westward to join the action in Toro and Zamora.[4]
Military history
The siege of Burgos was one of the last military engagements that saw the use of trebuchets, as gunpowder weaponry such as cannons became increasingly common, and the siege is one of the last known references to their use.[6][7] During the siege, bombards were used alongside trebuchets.[8]
See also
- House of Zúñiga, the garrison commander belonged to this noble lineage
- Siege of Burgos (1812)
References
- Peggy K. Liss (20 December 2004). Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-8122-1897-8.
- Peggy K. Liss (10 November 2015). Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-8122-9320-3.
- Giles Tremlett (9 February 2017). Isabella of Castile: Europe's First Great Queen. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-1-4088-5396-2.
- J. Edwards (11 June 2014). Ferdinand and Isabella. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-317-89345-5.
- History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic, etc. R. Bentley. 1854. p. 101.
- Maurice Daumas (1970). A History of Technology & Invention: The first stages of mechanization. Crown Publishers. p. 103.
- Bert S. Hall (1997). Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8018-5531-3.
- Alfred W. Crosby (8 April 2002). Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-521-79158-8.