Siege of Ansi

The Siege of Ansi was a battle between Goguryeo and Tang forces in Ansi, a fortress in the Liaodong Peninsula, and the culmination of the First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War. The confrontation lasted for about 3 months from 20 June 645 to 18 September 645.

Siege of Ansi
Part of the First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War
Map showing the invasion of Tang forces to Goguryeo
Date 20 June–18 September 645 CE Location Ansi Result Goguryeo victory
Belligerents
Goguryeo	Tang
Commanders and leaders
Yang Manchun Go yeon-su (POW) Go hye-jin (POW)	Emperor Taizong of Tang Li Shiji Zhangsun Wuji Li Daozong (WIA) Xue Rengui
Strength
~5,000 (garrison) ~150,000 (enforcement troops)	~30,000 soldiers
Casualties and losses
20,000+ killed 36,800 surrendered[1]	about 2,000

Korean name
Hangul	안시성 전투
Hanja	安市城 戰鬪
Revised Romanization	Ansiseong jeontu
McCune–Reischauer	Anshisŏng chŏnt'u

The initial phase of combat resulted in the defeat of a Gorguryeo relief force of 150,000 and resulted in the Tang troops laying siege to the fortress. After a siege lasting around 2 months, the Tang forces constructed a rampart. However, the rampart was on the brink of completion, when a section of it collapsed and was taken over by the defenders. This, along with arriving Goguryeo reinforcements and the lack of supplies, forced Tang troops into a retreat. Over 20,000 Goguryeo troops were killed during the siege.

Background

In the year 644, Taizu of Tang decided to invade Goguryeo in the face of opposition inside the Tang Dynasty. The assassination of Yongnu of Goguryeo and other officials by Yeon Gaesomun was used to justify invasion. For the next year, he began preparations for an invasion, preparing troops, ships, and siege engines, and conducting reconnaissance. On 1 April 645, under the pretext of marching to camp Huaiyuan, Tang forces led by Li Shiji suddenly turned to invade Goguryeo.[2] They attacked several castles including Shin and Geonan, to throw the defense system of Goguryeo into disarray. The plan failed, and Li Shiji instead arrayed all Tang forces to besiege Gaemo on 15 April. Gaemo fell on 25 April. Simultaneously, naval forces led by Zhang Liang had landed in Liaodong Peninsula and went on to capture Bisa on the 2nd of May. Meanwhile, Emperor Taizong of Tang joined the forces and they captured Yodong and Baegam one after another.[3]

Afterwards, the Tang forces decided to attack Ansi Fortress, a fortress-city with a population of around 100,000, invading the fortress on 20 June. Texts of the Joseon Dynasty describe the name of the chief of Ansi Fortress was said to be Yang Manchun.[4] In response to the Tang invasion, Yeon Gaesomun, Generalissimo of Goguryeo, sent about 150,000 forces with Go yeon-su and Go hye-jin to rescue Ansi.[3]

Development

The battle to rescue Ansi

Main article: Battle of Jupilsan

On 20 July, the two sides descended into battle. The Tang Dynasty sent Li Shiji leading 15,000 infantry and cavalry to fight the Goguryeo army directly. But Tang general Zhangsun Wuji led 11,000 elite cavalry across the canyon from the north of the mountain to hit the rear of Goguryeo forces. In the battle, Taizong personally led 4,000 infantry and cavalry to fight. The Tang army came out victorious in the end, decimating the Goguryeo forces. At least 20,000 Goguryeo soldiers were killed and 36,800 Goguryeo soldiers, including their generals Go Yeonsu and Go Hyezin, surrendered. The Tang army captured 50,000 horses, over 50,000 cattle, and over 10,000 iron armors. After the battle, Tang had succeeded in isolating Ansi fortress from other Goguryeo territory.[1]

Assault on the Ansi fortress

The Tang first attacked Ansi Fortress with several siege weapons including catapults and battering rams. However Goguryeo repelled the attacks and repaired the ramparts each time. As a result, Taizong was furious and Li Shi asked permission to massacre all the men and women if the fortress was captured, which was granted. After Anshi people heard this, they defended the fortress more tenaciously, the Tang army's assaults were repelled several times. When the Ansi fortress attack came to a standstill, Tang was in a hurry so the Tang Army attacked the west side of the fortress as many as six or seven times per day.[5] One night, hundreds of Goguryeo soldiers climbed out of the fortress and attempted to attack the Tang army. When Taizong heard about it, he called up soldiers to make an emergency joint attack which killed dozens of Goguryeo soldiers, and the rest fled back to the fortress.[6]

The Tang forces grew weary and considered the idea of bypassing Ansi fortress to attack other parts of Goguryeo, which was rejected due to threat Ansi posed to the advancing Tang forces.[1] Under the leadership of Tang's prince Li Daozong, Tang forces attempted to build a rampart in the southeastern corner of the fortress, gradually approaching the wall. Meanwhile, the external wall was constantly raised by the garrison. Li Daozong was injured in the battle. The Tang used soldiers and unknown number of laborers (possibly war captives) to build the rampart and the top of the rampart was only a few feet away from the fortress.[6] It overlooked the city. Fu Fuai, one officer of the Tang Army, stationed his troops on the top of the rampart. However, Fu Fuai left the camp privately and the rampart suddenly fell, and the Goguryeo army occupied it. Taizong was very angry and put Fu Fuai to death. After that, Tang tried to regain the rampart for 3 days but failed. On the 3rd day, the Goguryeo army reinforcements arrived and Taizong had still not captured the Ansi Fortress. In addition, the weather was getting colder and food ran out, so the Tang unavoidably ordered retreat.[7] Taizong's retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died.[8] Taizong himself tended to the injuries of his Turkic generals Qibi Heli and Ashina Simo, who were both wounded during the campaign against Goguryeo.[9]

Aftermath

The Tang Dynasty estimated that about 2,000 Tang soldiers were killed during the 3 month long siege period and the Tang Army lost an estimated 8,000 war horses.[6] In 645, Emperor Taizong founded the Minzhong Temple, the oldest temple in Beijing, to commemorate his soldiers who died in Goguryeo.[10][11][12][13] Emperor Taizong prepared another invasion in 648, but died, possibly due to an illness he contracted during his Goguryeo campaigns.[14]

The Goguryeo forces lost over 20,000 people, with over 36,800 troops being taken prisoner during the early stage of combat. The casualties of the Goruryeo troops during the siege itself are unknown.[4][2]

Tensions between Goguryeo and Tang continued, until Goguryeo was finally defeated by a joint Silla-Tang force in the year 668.[1]

In popular culture

The 2018 South Korean film The Great Battle is based on this siege.[15]

Notes

1. Graff, David. Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN 9781134553532. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
2. "민족문화대백과사전- 안시성전투". encykorea (in Korean). Retrieved November 11, 2016.
3. "안시성싸움[安市城─] - 두피디아". doopedia.co.kr (in Korean). Retrieved November 11, 2016.
4. "안시성 싸움". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2020-02-06.
5. "민족문화대백과사전- 안시성전투". encykorea (in Korean). Retrieved November 11, 2016.
6. "资治通鉴·唐纪·唐纪十四_古诗文网". m.gushiwen.org. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
7. "안시성싸움". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved November 11, 2016.
8. Graff, David. Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900. Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 9781134553532. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
9. Skaff 2012, p. 95.
10. "Record of Restoring the Buddha Relic at Minzhong Temple". Museum of the Institute of History and Philology. Academia Sinica. The Minzhong Temple is known today as the Fayuan Temple in Beijing. The temple was built by Emperor Li Shimin to mourn and salvage the lost souls in his failed attempt to conquer Goguryeo.
11. Haw, Stephen G. Beijing – A Concise History. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 9781134150335. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
12. Perkins, Dorothy. Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 9781135935696. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
13. Jaivin, Linda. Beijing. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781780233000. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
14. Chen, Jack Wei. The Poetics of Sovereignty: On Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. Harvard University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780674056084. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
15. "Yonhap News Agency". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved 2020-02-06.