Sherira Gaon

Rav Sherira Gaon (Hebrew: רב שרירא גאון or R. Sherira Gaon bar Ḥanina , Hebrew: רב שרירא גאון בר חנינא or merely Sherira b. Ḥanina[1]; c. 906-c. 1006[2][3]) was the head (gaon) of the Academy of Pumbeditha. He was one of the most prominent Geonim of his period, and the father of Hai Gaon, who succeeded him as gaon. He wrote the Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon ("[The] Epistle of Rav Sherira Gaon"), a comprehensive history of the composition of the Talmud.

Life

Sherira was born circa 906 C.E., the descendant, both on his father's and his mother's side, of prominent families, several members of which had occupied the gaonate. His father was Hananiah ben R. Yehudai, also a gaon. Sherira claimed descent from Rabbah b. Abuha, who belonged to the family of the exilarch, thereby claiming descent from the Davidic line. Sherira stated that his genealogy could be traced back to the pre-Bostanaian branch of that family, which, he claimed, on account of the deterioration of the exilarchate had renounced its claims thereto, preferring instead the scholar's life.[4] The seal of his family was a lion, which was said to have been the emblem of the Judean kings.[3]

Sherira officiated first as chief judge. While in that office, he refused to recognize the election of Nehemiah ben Kohen Tzedek as gaon in 960. On Nehemiah's death in 968 C.E., Sherira was elected gaon of the Academy of Pumbedita, soon after which he appointed his son, Hai, chief judge in his stead.[5]

In 997, he and his son were maliciously denounced by enemies to the caliph al-Qadir, though the nature of the accusation is unknown. He and his son were imprisoned and deprived of their property, even of the necessaries of life. Though the incarceration was brief, Sherira was now in very bad health. Sherira resigned the gaonate in 998 C.E., appointing his son as his successor.[3] Sherira died soon after, circa 1006 C.E.[6]

His Responsa

As director of the academy he sought to reach pupils both near and far, and many of his responsa have been preserved in the geonic collections and in the works containing the earlier decisions. His responsa are similar to the geonic responsa in general, a majority of them dealing with questions of religious practise, though some of them contain expositions and comments on passages of the Talmud and the Mishnah.

Indeed, his literary activity was confined to Talmudic and to related subjects. He was not greatly interested in Arabic literature, although he knew enough Arabic to be able to write in that language those of his decisions that were addressed to communities in Muslim countries. Generally he preferred to use Hebrew or Aramaic for that purpose.

Sherira was noted for the nobility and seriousness of his character. As a judge he endeavored to arrive at the exact facts of a case and to render his decisions in strict conformity with the Law. In deciding practical questions he adopted the more rigorous view, following the letter of the Talmud with the purpose of upholding and emphasizing its authority against the attacks of the Karaites. He frequently formulates in his responsa rules which are highly important for the correct interpretation of the Talmud. For instance, he declares that the term "mitzvah" designates in some passages a command that may not be broken with impunity, but in other passages denotes merely an admonition with which it would be commendable to comply, but which may be disregarded without fear of punishment.[7]

Sherira was a student of kabbalistic mysticism; he believed that the mystical works "Shi'ur Komah" and "Hekalot" represented ancient traditions, originating with R. Ishmael and R. Akiva. He says in a responsum[8] that the passage in "Shi'ur Ḳomah" ascribing human organs to God embodies profound mysteries, but must not be taken literally. Sherira wrote a work on the Talmud, under the title "Megillat Setarim." In this work he seems to have discussed the importance of the aggadah;[9] but the portion of the work containing his opinions on this subject has been lost.

His circular letter
Main article: Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon

Sherira's seminal work for which he is most renowned is his Epistle, or Iggeret, written to Rabbi Jacob ben Nissim of Kairouan, and where he addressed the question of how the Talmud was formulated, and brings down a chronological list of the geonim who officiated in Babylonia during the period of the Exilarchs (Resh Galutha). This Iggeret is considered by many to be one of the classics in Jewish historiography.[10]

gollark: Governments have also recently rather liked doing/trying to do plausibly-deniable things which make end to end encryption impractical for people, so the objection of not being able to see or filter the content would probably not work very well.
gollark: Consider the difficulty of designing a working car versus trying to patch together a bad car after it's done while it's driving and incapable of stopping without exploding.
gollark: And fix them in the design.
gollark: It's not necessarily harder if you can think of the problems when designing it.
gollark: If you have general AI good enough to be running the structure in the first place, it can just be on the design team.

See also

References
  1. SHERIRA B. ḤANINA, jewishencyclopedia.com; Article
  2. Trans. Nosson Dovid Rabinowich,The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon (Jerusalem: Moznaim, 1988) OCLC 20044324, p. xx
  3. Abraham ibn Daud, "Sefer ha-Ḳabbalah," in Adolf Neubauer, "Medieval Jewish Chronicles" (Oxford, 1887) ISBN 1-145-09335-3, i. 66-67
  4. Letter of Sherira Gaon, in Neubauer, l.c. i. 23, 33
  5. Sherira, l.c. i. 41
  6. Abraham ibn Daud, "Sefer ha-Ḳabbalah," in Adolf Neubauer, "Medieval Jewish Chronicles" (Oxford, 1887) ISBN 1-145-09335-3, i. 66-67, according to Weiss's emendation in "Dor," v. 174
  7. "Teshubot Ge'one Mizraḥ u-Ma'arab," No. 141, in "Bet Talmud," iv. 351
  8. "Sha'are Teshubah," No. 122
  9. Aboab, introduction to "Menorat ha-Ma'or"
  10. Gaon, Sherira (1988). The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon. Translated by Nosson Dovid Rabinowich. Jerusalem: Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Press - Ahavath Torah Institute Moznaim. p. Preface. OCLC 923562173.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "SHERIRA B. ḤANINA". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

  • Brody, Robert, The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture, Yale University Press 1998, repr. 2012: ISBN 978-0300189322
  • David J. E, “‘As it was Written in the Book of Adam’ The Chronology of the Halakhah and the Mythical Perception of History in the Late Pumbeditian Thought” Tarbitz, 74:2 (2006).(Heb.)
Preceded by
Nehemiah ben Kohen Tzedek		 Gaon of the Pumbedita Academy
968-1006		 Succeeded by
Hai Gaon
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