Shaximiao Formation

The Shaximiao Formation (simplified Chinese: 沙溪庙组; traditional Chinese: 沙溪廟組 / 沙溪廟層; pinyin: Shāxīmiào zǔ) is a Middle to Late Jurassic geological formation in Sichuan, China, most notable for the wealth of dinosaurs fossils that have been excavated from its strata. The Shaximiao Formation is exposed in and around the small township of Dashanpu (simplified Chinese: 大山铺镇; traditional Chinese: 大山鋪鎮; pinyin: Dàshānpū zhèn), situated seven kilometres north-east from Sichuan's third largest city, Zigong, in the Da'an District.

Shaximiao Formation Stratigraphic range: Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic
Excavation floor at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Chonqing Group
Sub-units	Lower, Upper Subunits
Underlies	Suining Formation
Overlies	Xintiangou Formation
Thickness	Lower Subunit: Up to 246.5 m (809 ft) Upper Subunit: 450–1,200 m (1,480–3,940 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Other	Siltstone, mudstone
Location
Coordinates	29.2°N 105.9°E / 29.2; 105.9
Approximate paleocoordinates	28.2°N 110.0°E / 28.2; 110.0
Region	Sichuan
Country	China
Extent	Sichuan Basin
Shaximiao Formation (China) Show map of China Shaximiao Formation (Sichuan) Show map of Sichuan

Geology

The Shaximiao Formation includes two distinct subunits: The upper and lower Shaximiao Formations (simplified Chinese: 上·下沙溪庙地层; traditional Chinese: 上·下沙溪廟地層; pinyin: shàng / xià Shāxīmiào dìcéng), although they are commonly referred to as one, simply being called the "Shaximiao Formation". The upper Shaximiao Formation is also known as the Shangshaximiao Formation, and the lower Shaximiao Formation is also known as the Xiashaximiao Formation. Both subunits primarily consist of purple-red mudstones, with variable sand inclusion. and siltstones with interbedded sandstones.

Dinosaur finds

Dinosaurs of the Shaximiao Formation

The Shaximiao Formation has produced mainly sauropods, but has also held numerous other dinosaur types, such as theropods and stegosaurians amongst others. In total, over 8,000 pieces of bone have been unearthed from the area – amounting to nearly 40 tonnes. The site was unknown until the early 1970s, when a Chinese gas company unearthed Gasosaurus in 1972. It would be the first of the many dinosaurs to be uncovered from the area. Most specimens found are held at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum which has been placed on the area during the mid-1980s.

Despite being a frequented "dinosaur-quarry" at present, the Shaximiao Formation was once a lush forest, evidence of which has been found alongside dinosaur remains in the form of fossilised wood. Paleontologists speculate that the area also had a lake that was fed by a large river. Dinosaur remains would have been swept toward the lake over millions of years, thus accounting for the hundreds of specimens found. Based on biostratigraphy, the Lower Shaximiao Formation has been usually seen to date to 168 to 161 million years old, between the Bathonian to Callovian stages of the Mid Jurassic, while the Upper Shaximiao was thought to be Oxfordian in age. A paper by Wang et al. (2018) reported a zircon U-Pb age of 159 ± 2 mya for the lower part of the Shaximiao Formation, suggesting that the Shaximiao Formation is younger than previously thought.[1] However, this has been challenged, with other U-Pb data supporting the traditional Middle Jurassic age for the lower part of the formation.[2]

Dong Zhiming's research

The paleontologist who has made the largest contribution to the formation and its excavation is Dong Zhiming. He first examined the formation in 1975, after bone fragments were found embedded in rock from the area. The site was being demolished to make way for both a natural gas field facility and a vehicle park when Dong first saw the area. Amongst the extensive clearings, Dong found numerous bone fragments which were exposed.

However, the specimens were being damaged due to bulldozers in the area and there would be little chance of closing the area as the state had invested millions of yuan in the site already. It was not until 1985 that the government finally agreed to close the construction on the site, and by then Dong and his team had already excavated over 100 dinosaurs from the area, including several rare sauropod skulls. A dinosaur found in the Shaximiao Formation, Dashanpusaurus dongi, was named in tribute of both Dashanpu and Dong Zhiming.

Paleobiota

In addition to dinosaur finds, many other prehistoric finds have been uncovered from the Shaximiao Formation. Amongst these finds are fishes, amphibians, turtles, marine reptiles such as crocodiles and also pterosaurs. Bienotheroides, a Tritylodont Synapsid has been found there, as well as Sinobrachyops, a Labyrinthodont.

Sauropterygians

Genus[3]	Species[3]	Stratigraphic position[3]	Material	Notes	Images
Pliosauroidea indet.		A pliosaurid from the Lower Shaximiao Formation		A pliosaurid mentioned in a faunal list of this formation

Crocodyliformes

Genus[3]	Species[3]	Stratigraphic position[3]	Material	Notes	Images
Sunosuchus	S. shunanensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A goniopholid[3]
Hsisosuchus	H. dashanpuensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A goniopholid[3]

Pterosaurs

Genus[3]	Species[3]	Stratigraphic position[3]	Material	Notes	Images
Angustinaripterus	A. longicephalus	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A rhamphorhynchine rhamphorhynchid with a very elongated and flat snout and an estimated wingspan at 1.6 metres (5.2 ft)[3]

Dinosaurs

Ornithischians

Genus[3]	Species[3]	Stratigraphic position[3]	Material	Notes	Images
Agilisaurus	A. louderbacki	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation
Hexinlusaurus	H. multidens	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation
Xiaosaurus	X. dashanpuensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation
Yandusaurus	Y. hongheensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation
Huayangosaurus	H. taibaii	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A huayangosaurid with more spike-like plates than Stegosaurus. It was also one of the smallest known stegosaurs, at just 4.5 meters (15 feet) in length.[3]
Gigantspinosaurus	G. sichuanensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A stegosaurian.[3]
	G. sp.	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A stegosaurian.[3]
Chungkingosaurus	C. jiangbeiensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A stegosaurian.[3]
Tuojiangosaurus	T. multispinus	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A stegosaurian.[3]
Chialingosaurus	C. kuani	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A stegosaurian.[3]
Yingshanosaurus[4]	Y. jichuanensis[4]	Upper Shaximiao Formation[4]	Nearly complete skeleton[4]	A stegosaurian.[4]
Gongbusaurus	G. shiyii	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	Teeth

Sauropods

Genus[3]	Species[3]	Stratigraphic position[3]	Material	Notes	Images
Shunosaurus	S. lii	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A eusauropod estimated with a length at 9.5 meters (31 ft), the weight at 3 metric tons (3.3 short tons). The tail ended in a club, equipped on its top with two successive spikes formed by 5 centimeter (2 in)-long cone-shaped osteoderms probably used to fend off enemies.
Protognathosaurus	P. oxyodon	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao formation
Omeisaurus	O. luoquanensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A mamenchisaurid.[3]
	O. tianfuensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao formation		A mamenchisaurid.[3]
	O. junghsiensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A mamenchisaurid.[3]
	O. changshouensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A mamenchisaurid.[3]
	O. maoi	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A mamenchisaurid.[3]
	O. fuxiensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A mamenchisaurid.[3]
Datousaurus	D. bashanensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A mamenchisaurid.[3]
Mamenchisaurus	M. constructus	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A mamenchisaurid.[3]
	M. hochuanensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A mamenchisaurid.[3]
	M. youngi	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A mamenchisaurid.[3]
	M. jingyanensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A mamenchisaurid.[3]
Daanosaurus	D. zhangi	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation
Zigongosaurus	Z. fuxiensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		Possibly a species of Mamenchisaurus.

Theropods

Genus[3]	Species[3]	Synonyms	Stratigraphic position[3]	Material	Notes	Images
Chuandongocoelurus	C. primitivus		Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation
Leshansaurus	L. qianweiensis		Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao formation		A megalosaurid.[3]
Szechuanosaurus	S. campi		Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		A megalosaurid.[3] Remains from the Shaximiao Formation might represent an indeterminate theropod.[5]
Xuanhanosaurus	X. qilixiaensis		Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A megalosaurid.[3]
Kaijiangosaurus	K. lini		Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A megalosaurid.[3]
Gasosaurus	G. constructus		Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		An avetheropod that measured between 3.5 and 4 meters (11 to 13 ft) in length, with a weight of around 150 kilograms (330 lb). However, some estimates put its weight as high as 400 kilograms (880 lb), as very little is known about it.
Sinocoelurus	S. fragilis		Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation
Yangchuanosaurus	Y. shangyouensis	Y. magnus[5]	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao formation
	Y. hepingensis		Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation		Probably represents a new genus.[5]
	Y. zigongensis	Szechuanosaurus zigongensis[5]	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		ZDM 9011 (holotype), a partial postcranial skeleton; ZDM 9012, a left maxilla; ZDM 9013, two teeth and ZDM 9014, a right hind limb.[5]
Chienkosaurus	C. ceratosauroides		Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation

Turtles

Genus[3]	Species[3]	Stratigraphic position[3]	Material	Notes	Images
Chengyuchelys	C. baenoides	Shangshaximiao Formation		A xinjiangchelyid.[3]
	C. dashanpuensis	Shangshaximiao Formation		A xinjiangchelyid.[3]
	C. latimarginalis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A xinjiangchelyid.[3]
Sichuanchelys	S. chowi	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A xinjiangchelyid.[3]
Tienfuchelys	T. zigongensis	Shangshaximiao Formation		A xinjiangchelyid.[3]
Trionyx	T. sp.	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A trionychid.[3]

Therapsids

Genus[3]	Species[3]	Stratigraphic position[3]	Material	Notes	Images
Bienotheroides	B. zigongensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A tritylodontid.[3]
Polistodon	P. chuannanensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		A tritylodontid.[3]
Tritylodontidae	gen. et sp. indet.	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation		An indeterminate tritylodontid.[3]

See also

• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations

References

1. Wang, Jun; Ye, Yong; Pei, Rui; Tian, Yamin; Feng, Chongqin; Zheng, Daran; Chang, Su-Chin (2018). Age of Jurassic basal sauropods in Sichuan, China: A reappraisal of basal sauropod evolution. GSA Bulletin. 130 (9–10): 1493–1500. doi:10.1130/B31910.1. ISSN 0016-7606.
2. Dai, Hui; Benson, Roger; Hu, Xufeng; Ma, Qingyu; Tan, Chao; Li, Ning; Xiao, Ming; Hu, Haiqian; Zhou, Yuxuan; Wei, Zhaoying; Zhang, Feng (December 2020). "A new possible megalosauroid theropod from the Middle Jurassic Xintiangou Formation of Chongqing, People's Republic of China and its implication for early tetanuran evolution". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 139. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56959-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6954265. PMID 31924836.
3. Li, K; Liu, J.; Yang, C.; Hu, F. (2011). "Dinosaur assemblages from the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation and Chuanjie Formation in the Sichuan-Yunnan Basin, China". Volumina Jurassica. 9 (9): 21–42.
4. Zhu, S. (1994). "记四川盆地营山县一剑龙化石" [Record of a fossil stegosaur from Yingshan in the Sichuan Basin]. Sichuan Cultural Relics (S1): 8–14.
5. Carrano, M. T.; Benson, R. B. J.; Sampson, S. D. (2012). "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (2): 211–300. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927.

External links

• Dong Zhiming account of Shaximiao Formation