Shakkanakku

In the Akkadian language, Shakkanakku, (Sumerian: 𒄊𒀴, GIR.NITA or šagina,[1] Akkadian: 𒇽𒃻𒃶𒅘𒆪), was a title designating a military governor.[2] Mari was ruled by a dynasty of hereditary Shakkanakkus which was originally set by the Akkadian Empire and gained independence following Akkad's collapse.[3] It is considered that the Shakkanakka gained some form of independence and came to be considered as "Kings" from the time of Apil-Kin.[4] A critical analysis of the Shakkanakku List of Mari has been published.[5]

Shakkanakku
Inscription on the statue of Ishtup-Ilum with the word "Shakkanakku" (red): "Ishtup-Ilum, Shakkanakku of Mari" (𒅖𒁾𒀭 𒄊𒀴 𒈠𒌷𒆠)
Inscription "Iddi-Ilum, shakkanakku of Mari", using the Sumerian: 𒄊𒀴, šagina, on the Statue of Iddi-Ilum.

The title is also known around the same time in Elam, where several "Shakkanakku (Military Governor) of the country of Elam" with typically Akkadian names ruled for the Akkadian kings.[6]

The title also existed in Qatna in the 14th century BC,[7] and Dilmun under the Kassites.[8]

Shakkanakkus under the Akkadians

Shakkanakkus, or Shagina military governors are known from the time of the Akkadian Empire. For example, Shar-kali-sharri had a military governor in Nippur taking charge of the construction of the temple of Enlil. One of his year names reads: "Year in which Szarkaliszarri appointed Puzur-Esztar the shagina (general)" to build the temple of Enlil "Year Szarkaliszarri appointed Puzur-Eshtar, the shagina, to build the temple of Enlil".[9][10]

Main Shakkanakkus of Mari

Several Shakkanakkus of Mari are known from archaeological artifacts:

  • Statue of Ishtup-Ilum, Shakkanakku of Mari. (c.2150 BC)
  • Statue of Iddi-Ilum, Shakkanakku of Mari. (c. 2090 BC)
  • Puzur Ishtar, Shakkanakku of Mari. (c. 2050 BC)
  • Tura-Dagan, Shakkanakku of Mari. Originally from Mari (c. 2071–2051 BC).

List of Shakkanakku rulers of Mari
RulerLength of reignNotes
Ididishc. 2266–2206 BC
Shu-Daganc. 2206–2200 BCHe was the son of Ididish.[11]
Ishma-Daganc. 2199–2154 BCHe ruled for 45 years.[12][13]
Nûr-Mêrc. 2153–2148 BCHe was the son of Ishme-Dagan.[12]
Ishtup-Ilumc. 2147–2136 BCHe was the son of Ishme-Dagan and the brother of Nûr-Mêr.[12]
Ishgum-Adduc. 2135–2127 BCHe reigned for eight years.[12]
Apîl-kînc. 2126–2091 BCHe was the son of Ishme-Dagan.[12][14] Was designated with the royal title Lugal in a votive inscription set by his daughter.[15]
Iddi-ilumc. 2090–2085 BCHis name is also read as Iddin-El; his name was inscribed on his votive statue.[16]
Ili-Isharc. 2084–2072 BCHis name is inscribed on a brick.[17]
Tura-Daganc. 2071–2051 BCHe was the son of Apîl-kîn and the brother of Ili-Ishar.[18]
Puzur-Ishtarc. 2050–2025 BCHe was the son of Turam-Dagan.[12] Used the royal title.[19]
Hitlal-Errac. 2024–2017 BCHe was the son of Puzur-Ishtar.[20] Used the royal title.[19]
Hanun-Daganc. 2016–2008 BCHe was the son of Puzur-Ishtar.[21] Used the royal title.[19]
Isi-Daganc. 2000 BCThis name is inscribed on a seal.[22]
Ennin-DaganHe was the son of Isi-Dagan.[23]
Itur-(...)This name is damaged, a gap separate him from Ennin-Dagan.[24]
Amer-NunuThis name is inscribed on a seal.[25][26]
Tir-DaganHe was the son of Itur-(...).[27]
Dagan-(...)This name is damaged and is the last attested Shakkanakku.[28]

Main Shakkanakkus of Elam

The title is also known around the same time in Elam, as in the inscription of the "Table au Lion", Puzur-Inshushinak appears as "Puzur-Inshushin(ak) Ensi (Governor) of Susa, Shakkanakku (Military Governor) of the country of Elam" (𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 𒑐𒋼𒋛 𒈹𒂞𒆠 𒄊𒀴 𒈣𒋾 𒉏𒆠 kutik-inshushinak ensi shushiki skakkanakku mati NIMki).[6] A ruler with an Akkadian name, Ili-ishmani, at the time of Naram-Sin of Akkad or Shar-Kali-Sharri, also used the same title of "Skakkanakku of the country of Elam".[29][30][31] This suggest that Ili-ishmani was a vassal of the Akkadian Empire.[32]

List of the Shakkanakkus of Elam
RulerLength of reignNotes
Eshpumc. 2300 BCHe was a dependent of the Akkadian Empire ruler Manishtushu.[33]
Ilshu-rabic. 2206–2200 BCShakkanakku in the Province of Parashime
Epirmupic. 2199–2154 BC
Ili-ishmanic. 2200 BCHe was in charge of Elam at the time of Naram-Sin and/or Shar-Kali-Sharri, and probably their vassal.[34][35]
Puzur-Inshushinakc. 2150 BCShakkanakku, who gained independence from the Akkadians. He appears as "Puzur-Inshushin(ak) Ensi (Governor) of Susa, Shakkanakku (Military Governor) of the country of Elam".[6]
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References
  1. "Sumerian Dictionary". oracc.iaas.upenn.edu.
  2. Gwendolyn Leick. Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. p. 113.
  3. Trevor Bryce. Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 18.
  4. Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu. "Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri". in L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, pp.633-643: 650.
  5. Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium (PDF). pp. 26–27.
  6. Translation into French in Mémoires. Paris: P. Geuthner. 1899. p. 8.
  7. Gromova 2007, p. 300.
  8. L. Potter. The Persian Gulf in History. p. 35.
  9. Douglas Frayne, Sargonic and Gutian periods, RIME E2.1.5, p.184
  10. Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History. Routledge. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-134-52062-6.
  11. Leick 2002, p. 152.
  12. Oliva 2008, p. 86.
  13. Leick 2002, p. 81.
  14. Leick 2002, p. 18.
  15. Michalowski 1995, p. 187.
  16. Leick 2002, p. 76.
  17. Leick 2002, p. 78.
  18. Leick 2002, p. 168.
  19. Oliva 2008, p. 91.
  20. Oliva 2008, p. 92.
  21. Leick 2002, p. 67.
  22. Frayne 1990, p. 594.
  23. Frayne 1990, p. 596.
  24. Frayne 1990, p. 597.
  25. Oliva 2008, p. 87.
  26. Frayne 1990, p. 598.
  27. Frayne 1990, p. 599.
  28. Frayne 1990, p. 600.
  29. "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  30. Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC. Routledge. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-000-03485-1.
  31. "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
  32. Potts, D. T. (2016). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-107-09469-7.
  33. Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC. Routledge. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-000-03485-1.
  34. Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC. Routledge. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-000-03485-1.
  35. Potts, D. T. (2016). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-107-09469-7.

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