Self-defence in international law

Hugo Grotius, the 17th century jurist and father of public international law, stated in his 1625 magnum opus The Law of War and Peace that "Most Men assign three Just Causes of War, Defence, the Recovery of what's our own, and Punishment."

Overview

Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter

Article 51 of the UN Charter states the following:

Article 51: Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of collective or individual self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by members in exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.

International law recognizes a right of self-defence, as the International Court of Justice (ICJ) affirmed in the Nicaragua Case on the use of force. Some commentators believe that the effect of Article 51 is only to preserve this right when an armed attack occurs, and that other acts of self-defence are banned by article 2(4). The more widely held opinion is that article 51 acknowledges this general right, and proceeds to lay down procedures for the specific situation when an armed attack does occur. Under the latter interpretation, the legitimate use of self-defence in situations when an armed attack has not actually occurred is still permitted. Not every act of violence will constitute an armed attack. The ICJ has tried to clarify, in the Nicaragua case, what level of force is necessary to qualify as an armed attack.

Customary international law and Caroline test

Main article: Caroline test

The traditional customary rules on self-defense derive from an early diplomatic incident between the United States and the United Kingdom over the killing of one US citizen engaged in an attack on Canada, then a British colony. The so-called Caroline case established that there had to exist "a necessity of self-defence, instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment of deliberation,' and furthermore that any action taken must be proportional, "since the act justified by the necessity of self-defence, must be limited by that necessity, and kept clearly within it." These statements by the US Secretary of State to the British authorities are accepted as an accurate description of the customary right of self-defence. (Dan Webster, Yale Law School)

Imminent threat

The imminent threat is a standard criterion in international law, developed by Daniel Webster as he litigated the Caroline affair, described as being "instant, overwhelming, and leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation." The criteria are used in the international law justification of preemptive self-defense: self-defense without being physically attacked first (see Caroline test). This concept has been used to mitigate the lack of definition provided by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, which states that sovereign nations may fend off an armed attack until the Security Council has adopted measures under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.

The Caroline affair has been used to establish the principle of "anticipatory self-defense" and is also now invoked frequently in the course of the dispute around preemptive strike (or preemption doctrine).

See also

Right of individual self-defence Right of collective self-defence Threat of force (public international law) Laws of war Use of force by states Collective security Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter            Just War Theory Jus ad bellum Casus belli Religious war Targeted killing

Domestic Law Issues related to Self-Defense Castle Doctrine in the United States Duty to retreat Bodily harm and Grievous bodily harm Clear and present danger Imminent lawless action

• Security-related bills

References

Sources

• Ben Fritz, "Sorting out the "imminent threat" debate,", spinsanity.org, November 3, 2003
• Dan Darling, "Special Analysis: The Imminent Threat," windsofchange.net, September 4, 2003
• Wolf Schäfer, "Learning From Recent History," Provost’s Lecture Series on Global Issues - The People Speak: America Debates its Role in the World, Stony Brook University, October 15, 2003
• Michael Byers, "Jumping the Gun", London Review of Books, Vol. 24 No. 14, 25 July 2002, pp 3–5
• Matthew Omolesky, "Special Report: Israel and International Law," The American Spectator, 7.18.06
• The Caroline Case : Anticipatory Self-Defence in Contemporary International Law
• The Caroline Incident during the Patriot War
• Obituary of Neil MacGregor, one of the Upper Canada militiamen on the raid
• The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: The Webster-Ashburton Treaty and The Caroline Case
• Chapter 7, "British Steamer is Burned by Patriots" in Northern New York In The Patriot War, 1923, By L. N. Fuller
• The Caroline (Christopher Greenwood) in the context of international law - Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law

Notes