Scientific Production Association

The Scientific Production Association (Russian: Научно-производственное объединение, romanized: Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye, NPO) is a form of scientific research-to-production facility in the Soviet Union and its successor states, including Russia and Ukraine.

They first appeared in the late 1960s, after a Soviet decree was approved on 24 September 1968 to reform research and development structures; by 1980 there were 250 NPOs in the Soviet Union.[1]

NPOs were established to consolidate research and production activities into a single entity.[2] They were meant to bridge the technological gap between design bureaus and production plants, as new designs were often developed without considering the technical capabilities of the production facilities, leading to long delays between the start of development and serial production.[3]

They are usually headed by a research or design organization.[4] Though they exist in many sectors, they are most common in electrical engineering, electronics, aviation, instrument-making and chemical industries.[1]

List of NPOs
gollark: I'm bored.
gollark: Also, I can do updates when I actually want them by running a command and can continue using my computer while doing so.
gollark: My servers run Linux too, so having a common environment and native SSH (plus other tools like mosh and scp) is nice.
gollark: At least, most games I'm interested in.
gollark: I can play *most* games.

References
  1. Guroff, Gregory; Carstensen, Fred V. (2014). Entrepreneurship in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400855285.
  2. Rockets and People, Volume III, Hot Days of the Cold War. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160867125.
  3. Kassel, Simon (1989). Soviet Advanced Technologies in the Era of Restructuring (PDF). p. 51.
  4. Barry, Donald D.; Gingsburgs, George; Maggs, Peter B. (1979). Soviet Law After Stalin: Soviet Institutions and the Administration of Law. BRILL. ISBN 9028606793.
  5. "Iran Missile Chronology" (PDF). Nuclear Threat Initiative. August 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  6. Shahab-5/IRSL-X-3, KOSAR/IRIS
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