Sam Parnia

Sam Parnia M.D., Ph.D, is a British[1] associate professor of Medicine at the NYU Langone Medical Center where he is also director of research into cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In the United Kingdom, he is director of the Human Consciousness Project at the University of Southampton. Parnia is known for his work on near-death experiences and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Sam Parnia
Born
London, England
Alma materGuys and St. Thomas' Medical School (MBBS), University of Southampton (Ph.D.), University of London and Weill Cornell Medical Center (residency)
Known forResearch on near-death experiences and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Scientific career
FieldsIntensive-care medicine
InstitutionsStony Brook University School of Medicine

Education and career

Parnia graduated from Guys and St. Thomas' Medical School in London where he received his MBBS in 1995.[2][3] He then went on to the University of Southampton where he worked as a clinical research fellow and earned a PhD in cell biology; he graduated in 2007.[4][5] He retained a title as honorary research fellow at University of Southampton, and continued to do work with that institution through the Human Consciousness Project that he founded and directs.[6][7]

Parnia completed his fellowship training in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at the University of London and at the Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City in 2010 and then joined the faculty at Stony Brook University School of Medicine as a member of the Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division,[6] where he also directs research into cardiopulmonary resuscitation.[6][8] His British medical credentials were recognized by the State of New York as a medical degree in 2012.[3] Since 2015, he is director of the Critical Care & Resuscitation Research Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine at New York University Langone Medical Center.[9]

The Horizon Research Foundation was founded in 1987 to promote research and education into the study of death and cardiac arrest and the study of the mind, brain and consciousness;[10] as of 2018 the charity has ceased to exist [10].

Research

Optimization of brain resuscitation after cardiac arrest

Parnia is known for his involvement and research in the field of emergency medicine and cardiac arrest resuscitation.[11][12] He conducts research on, and advocates for wider application of, best practices for resuscitation when people die; namely better, perhaps automated cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques, the use of targeted temperature management, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, brain oximetry, and prevention of reperfusion injury, and wrote his book, Reversing Death (published in the United Kingdom as the Lazarus Effect) as part of that effort.[2][11] He says that many people who are actually dead from heart attacks or blood loss could be resuscitated up to 24 hours after their decease if contemporary best practices as defined by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation were used promptly.[11]

The main focus of Parnia's research has been in the optimization of brain monitoring and oxygen delivery methods with a goal of reducing long-term brain injuries as well as disorders of consciousness such as a persistent vegetative state.[13] In order to avoid these disabilities, Parnia believes the study of consciousness should be a routine part of cardiac arrest brain injury research.[14] The other side of his work, which he conducts with a team at the State University of New York and across multiple other medical centers in the United Kingdom, is consciousness during cardiac arrest. This includes near-death experiences.[2][12][11][15]

Consciousness and near death experience research

Parnia has advocated for the use of the term "actual death experience" instead of near death experience (NDE), to describe human experiences that occur during a period of cardiac arrest. He has stated: “contrary to perception, death is not a specific moment but a potentially reversible process that occurs after any severe illness or accident causes the heart, lungs and brain to cease functioning. If attempts are made to reverse this process, it is referred to as ‘cardiac arrest’; however, if these attempts do not succeed it is called ‘death’. He has mostly studied those who have no heart beat and no detectable brain activity for periods of time and believes cardiac arrest is the optimal model to help understand the human experience of death.[2][16][17]

In 2001, Parnia and colleagues published the results of a year-long study of cardiac arrest survivors. 63 survivors were interviewed; 7 had memories of the time they were unconscious and 4 had experiences that, according to the study criteria, were NDEs. Out of body claims were tested by placing figures on suspended boards facing the ceiling, not visible from the floor. No positive results were reported, and no conclusions could be drawn due to the small number of subjects.[18]

AWAreness during REsuscitation (AWARE) study

While at University of Southampton, Parnia was the principal investigator of the AWARE Study, which was launched in 2008.[12] This study which concluded in 2012 included 33 investigators across 15 medical centers in the UK, Austria and the USA and tested consciousness, memories and awareness during cardiac arrest. The accuracy of claims of visual and auditory awareness was examined using specific tests.[19] One such test consisted in installing shelves, bearing a variety of images and facing the ceiling, hence not visible by hospital staff, in rooms where cardiac-arrest patients were more likely to occur.[20] The results of the study were published in October 2014; both the launch and the study results were widely discussed in the media.[20][21][22]

A review article analysing the results reports that, out of 2060 cardiac arrest events, 101 of 140 cardiac arrest survivors could complete the questionnaires. Of these 101 patients 9% could be classified as near death experiences. 2 more patients (2% of those completing the questionnaires) described "seeing and hearing actual events related to the period of cardiac arrest". These two patients' cardiac arrests did not occur in areas equipped with ceiling shelves hence no images could be used to objectively test for visual awareness claims. One of the two patients was too sick and the accuracy of her recount could not be verified. For the second patient instead, it was possible to verify the accuracy of the experience and to show that awareness occurred paradoxically some minutes after the heart stopped, at a time when "the brain ordinarily stops functioning and cortical activity becomes isoelectric." The experience was not compatible with an illusion, imaginary event or hallucination since visual (other than of ceiling shelves' images) and auditory awareness could be corroborated.[23]

Aware II study

As of May 2016, a posting at the UK Clinical Trials Gateway website describes plans for AWARE II, a two-year multicenter observational study of 900-1,500 patients experiencing cardiac arrest, with subjects being recruited as 1 August 2014 and a trial end date of 31 May 2017.[24][25]

Brain/mind hypotheses

Parnia and others have suggested that a mind that is mediated by, but not produced by, the brain, is a possible way to explain NDE.[5][26][27]

Science writer Mike McRae has noted "While Parnia's work contributes valuable data to understanding NDE as a cultural phenomenon, his speculations do indeed sit on the brink of pseudoscience."[28] Neurologist Michael O'Brien has written that "most people would not find it necessary to postulate such a separation between mind and brain to explain the events," and suggested that further research is likely to provide a physical explanation for near-death experiences.[5] Psychologist and lecturer Susan Blackmore appeared with Parnia and Peter Fenwick on a BBC documentary called "The Day I Died" and disagreed with their interpretations of NDEs, finding purely physical explanations to be more plausible.[5]

In a review article published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,[29] Parnia admits that the nature of consciousness is still an unchartered territory for science. Two different major models have been postulated about the nature of consciousness:

  1. one envisages the psyche/consciousness/mind (self) as the result of neuronal activity. So a causative relationship exists between cortical activity and consciousness.
  2. the other instead considers that consciousness is separate from the brain and can influence brain activity independently of the brain.

Parnia explains that the observations that "the human mind, consciousness, or psyche (self) may continue to function when brain function has ceased during the early period after death" (such as during the AWARE study, but not only) points to the possibility that the second model may have to be taken into account.[29]

gollark: Not as far as I can tell.
gollark: And more privacy-respecting.
gollark: I am not using GA. It's much more fun to read the webserver logs directly.
gollark: <@151391317740486657> Yep!
gollark: > All Arbitrary Points data is stored and processed only on your device. There is no serverside component whatsoever. If you don't like this regardless, you can bug me to implement an off switch, attempt to ignore it, or use Internet Explorer 6. Ideas for features and achievements and whatever else wanted and may be accepted. This is very easy to meddle with using the browser console, as I haven't tried to prevent that, but if you cheat all the time you may ruin any fun this might have brought.

See also

Selected bibliography
Books
  • What Happens When We Die. Hay House. 2007. ISBN 9781401907112.
  • Erasing Death: The Science That is Rewriting the Boundaries Between Life and Death. Harper Collins. 2013. ISBN 9780062080608.
  • The Lazarus Effect: The Science That is Rewriting the Boundaries Between Life and Death. Rider. 2013. ISBN 9781846043079.
Research publications
Reviews and editorials

References
  1. Adams, Tim (2013-04-06). "Sam Parnia – the man who could bring you back from the dead". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
  2. Adams, Tim (6 April 2013). "Sam Parnia – the man who could bring you back from the dead". Health: The Observer. The Guardian. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  3. The State Education Department. The University of The State of New York. Report of the Committee on the Professions Regarding Licensing Petitions Albany, N.Y: October 2, 2012.
  4. Hampshire Chronicle staff.Southampton University Graduation List 2007 Part 1. Ceremony 10: School of Medicine; Doctor of Philosophy Hampshire Chronicle, published online 23 Jul 2007. Page accessed, June 7, 2016
  5. O'Brien, M (2003). "The Day I Died". BMJ (Review of TV show). 326 (7383): 288. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7383.288. PMC 1125151.
  6. Nour Foundation, Speaker Profile. Sam Parnia, MD, PhD, MRCP. Page accessed April 25, 2016
  7. Palchik Guillermo (2009). "Conference Report: The Nour Foundation Georgetown University & Blackfriars Hall, Oxford University Symposium Series Technology, Neuroscience & the Nature of Being: Considerations of Meaning, Morality and Transcendence Part I: The Paradox of Neurotechnology 8 May 2009". Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine. 4: 9. doi:10.1186/1747-5341-4-9. PMC 2717997. PMID 19615065.
  8. Peikoff, Kira. CPR Survival Rates Can Differ Greatly by City. New York Times, published online 7 December 2015. Page accessed, May 18, 2016
  9. "Research Gate public profile".
  10. UK Charity Commission. 296655 - The International Association For Near-Death Studies UK Page accessed July 26, 2019
  11. Evers, Marco (29 July 2013). "Back from the dead: Resuscitation expert says end is reversible". Der Spiegel.
  12. Stephey, M.J. (18 September 2008). "What happens when we die?". Time.
  13. "der spiegel".
  14. "NPR interview".
  15. Gross, Terry (host); Parnia, Sam (20 February 2013). "'Erasing Death' Explores The Science Of Resuscitation". Fresh Air. NPR. WHYY-FM. Transcript.
  16. Paulson S, Becker LB, Parnia S, Mayer SA (2014). "Reversing Death NYAS 2014". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1330: 4–18. doi:10.1111/nyas.12475. PMID 25060142.
  17. French CC (2005). "Near-death experiences in cardiac arrest survivors". Prog. Brain Res. Progress in Brain Research. 150: 351–67. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50025-6. ISBN 9780444518514. PMID 16186035.
  18. Parnia, Sam; Spearpoint, Ken; de Vos, Gabriele; Fenwick, Peter; Goldberg, Diana; Yang, Jie; Zhu, Jiawen; Baker, Katie; Killingback, Hayley (2014-12-01). "AWARE-AWAreness during REsuscitation-a prospective study". Resuscitation. 85 (12): 1799–1805. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004. ISSN 1873-1570. PMID 25301715.
  19. Lichfield, Gideon (April 2015). "The science of near-death experiences: Empirically investigating brushes with the afterlife". The Atlantic.
  20. Weintraub, Pamela (2 September 2014). "Seeing the light". Psychology Today.
  21. Robb, Alice (8 October 2014). "The Scientists Studying Life After Death Are Not Total Frauds". The New Republic.
  22. Parnia, Sam (2014-11-01). "Death and consciousness--an overview of the mental and cognitive experience of death". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1330: 75–93. doi:10.1111/nyas.12582. ISSN 1749-6632. PMID 25418460.
  23. AWARE II Research Summary Archived 2017-08-16 at the Wayback Machine on Health Research Authority website
  24. UK Clinical Trials Gateway. Primary Trial ID Number 17129, entitled "AWARE II (AWAreness during REsuscitation) A Multi-Centre Observational Study of the Relationship between the Quality of Brain Resuscitation and Consciousness, Neurological, Functional and Cognitive Outcomes following Cardiac Arrest" Last updated May 3, 2016. Page archived May 9, 2016
  25. Sleutjes A, Moreira-Almeida A, Greyson B (Nov 2014). "Almost 40 years investigating near-death experiences: an overview of mainstream scientific journals". J Nerv Ment Dis. 202 (11): 833–6. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000205. PMID 25357254.
  26. Petre, Jonathan (22 October 2000). "Soul-searching doctors find life after death". The Telegraph. These people were having these experiences when we wouldn't expect them to happen, when the brain shouldn't be able to sustain lucid processes or allow them to form memories that would last. So it might hold an answer to the question of whether mind or consciousness is actually produced by the brain or whether the brain is a kind of intermediary for the mind, which exists independently.... I started off as a sceptic but, having weighed up all the evidence, I now think that there is something going on. Essentially, it comes back to the question of whether the mind or consciousness is produced from the brain. If we can prove that the mind is produced by the brain, I don't think there is anything after we die because essentially we are conscious beings. If, on the contrary, the brain is like an intermediary which manifests the mind, like a television will act as an intermediary to manifest waves in the air into a picture or a sound, we can show that the mind is still there after the brain is dead. And that is what I think these near-death experiences indicate
  27. McRae, Mike (9 October 2014). "Science On the Edge of Life". Skeptic.com.
  28. Parnia, Sam (2014-11-01). "Death and consciousness––an overview of the mental and cognitive experience of death". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1330 (1): 75–93. doi:10.1111/nyas.12582. ISSN 1749-6632. PMID 25418460.
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