Sadaqah

Sadaqah or Sadqah (Arabic: صدقة‎, Urdu: صدقہ‎, IPA: [sˤɑdæqɐ],^{[n A]} "charity", "benevolence",[1] plural ṣadaqāt صدقات) in the modern context has come to signify "voluntary charity".[2] According to the Quran, the word means voluntary offering, whose amount is at the will of the "benefactor".[3]

"Sadaka" redirects here. For the cicada genus, see Sadaka (genus).

Etymology and meaning

'Sadaqah' literally means 'righteousness' and refers to the voluntary giving of alms or charity.[4] In Islamic terminology, sadaqah has been defined as an act of "giving something...without seeking a substitute in return and with the intention of pleasing Allah."[5] Meanwhile, according to Ar-Rageeb al-Asfahaani “Sadaqa is what the person gives from what he possesses, like Zakat, hoping to get closer to Allah."

The term 'sadaqah' stems from the Arabic root word ‘sidq’ (s-d-q) ص د ق, which means sincerity and it is considered as a sign of sincere faith.[6] The three-letter root of this word, S-D-Q, also means, "to speak the truth," "to be sincere," and "to fulfill one's promise." All of these aspects of honorable behavior indicate indicate the links between generosity and a healthy society.[7] Some modern researchers also try to etymologically link the word sadaqa to the Hebrew צדקה‎ sedāḳā (almsgiving). Some experts hence conclude that sadaqa is a loanword.[8]

Examples of sadaqah include:

• To administer justice between two people
• To remove harm from a road/removing thorns, bones and stones from paths
• A good word
• Every step taken towards prayer
• Guiding the blind
• Supporting the weak with the strength of your arms

In Islamic texts

Quran

• The word zakah occurs thirty times in the Quran, out of which, twenty seven times it is linked with prayer. There are three places where it has not been linked ... (Suratul Fussilat, 41: 7). The zakah mentioned in these thirty places is in reference to the obligatory zakah. However, Sadaqah (non-obligatory charity) and its plural (sadaqat) occur thirteen times in the Qur'an; five times as Sadaqah, eight times as its plural.[9]
• Sadaqat is very wide term and used in the Quran to cover all kinds of charity. Sadaqat means to give alms and also legal alms for which the word zakat is used in the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad. Zakat has been called sadaqat because it is also a kind of compulsory charity. It is an obligatory sadaqa while ordinary sadaqa are voluntary. Thus, zakat has to be collected by the muhtasib (collector) or the government — the Islamic state as a Compulsory levy.[10]
• According to Quran, Sadaqa leads into the purification of the benefactor.[3] Quran says that sadaqa should not be necessarily be in a material form[11] and can be a "voluntary effort", or a kind word.[8] This is in agreement with a narration attributed to Muhammad which says "every good deed is a form of sadaq."[1] Kind words and "compassion" are better than sadaqa accompanied by "insult", from the viewpoint of Quran, and it is better for the donations to be offered "discreetly" to those in need rather than doing it in public in order to be acknowledged by them. The Quran also criticizes donating aimed at appearing generous or compromising the value of sadaqa by "ostentatious public behavior" done just to "render a normally charitable act purely self-serving." Quran suggests that sadaqa is not meant only to support the poor, but also can be donated to others who "were not visibly in need" and also who either needed assistance to enhance their life or required to be directed towards new jobs and "economic opportunities".[8]

There are many verses on Sadaqat (Charity), either voluntary or obligatory. Among whom are stated below:

• And be steadfast in prayer; practise regular charity; and bow down your heads with those who bow down (in worship).[12]
• They ask thee what they should spend (In charity). Say: Whatever ye spend that is good, is for parents and kindred and orphans and those in want and for wayfarers. And whatever ye do that is good, -Allah knoweth it well.[13]
• Kind words and the covering of faults are better than charity followed by injury. Allah is free of all wants, and He is Most-Forbearing.[14]
• Allah will deprive usury of all blessing, but will give increase for deeds of charity: For He loveth not creatures ungrateful and wicked.[15]
• Those who believe, and do deeds of righteousness, and establish regular prayers and regular charity, will have their reward with their Lord: on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve.[16]
• So fear Allah as much as ye can; listen and obey and spend in charity for the benefit of your own soul and those saved from the covetousness of their own souls, they are the ones that achieve prosperity.[17]

Hadith

According to some hadiths, "a kind word and smile" can be considered as sadaqa and the best form of it is "passing on knowledge."[1] Also, Muhammad said in a hadith that sadaqa removes seventy gates of evil.[18]

Difference from zakat

• The word is interchangeably used with Zakat and Nafaqa in some contexts,[3] but while zakat is obligatory, Sadaqa usually refers to voluntary donations.[1]
• Zakat is a required minimum contribution by Muslims in terms of money and property or goods that can help the muslims who mostly need assistance, while Sadaqah can be in forms of money, deeds, property or salutations.[19]
• The term 'sadaqah' was used in Qur'an and Sunnah for both zakat and charity. Among the differences between them is that in the case of Zakat, the amount is fixed, utilized according to that which has been stated by the Islamic Law and is paid only once a year. Meanwhile, charity has no fixed percentage and one is free to pay it as many times as one can afford or feel inclined to it.[20]

Etiquette

• Sadaqah should be from one's legitimate possessions and property.[21]
• According to Qur'an 2:274, it is better to offer sadaqah in secret.[22]
• Sadaqah should not be accompanied by reproaching the person who is given the sadaqa.[23]
• Sadaqah should be out of pure intentions for God.[24]
• Sadaqah should be from possessions you love.[25]

Categories of the entitled

According to Quran 9 verse 60, there are eight categories of people who are entitled to receive Sadaqah (Zakaat). They are :

1. The poor (al-fuqarâ’), that is low-income.[26]
2. The needy people (al-masākīn).[27]
3. The officials appointed to receive Sadaqah (Zakat Administrators).[28]
4. Those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled to Islam (al-mu'allafa qulubuhum).[29]
5. To free the slaves and captives.[30]
6. Those who are overburdened with debt.[31]
7. In the cause of Allah to spread the message of Islam.[32]
8. To those who are wayfarers (travelers who do not have enough money to go back home).[30]

Significance

Social contribution

• It enhances the well-being of the people in Islamic society.[33]
• It helps in fulfilling the requirement of the poor Muslims.[34]
• It lightens the debt of the Muslim debtors.[35]
• It helps in taking care of those whose hearts have been (recently)reconciled (to the Truth).[35]
• It helps the stranded Muslims to complete their journey.[36]
• It helps in the healing of various Sickness(according to the prophet of Islam).[37]

Spiritual effects

• It purifies human's heart from the sins of malice, greed, and the obsessive love of wealth.[38]
• It increases the wealth.[39]
• It removes bad luck.[35]
• It helps in crossing the bridge of Siraat.[40]
• It guarantees heaven.[41]

See also

• Alms
• Khums
• Tzedakah (Judaism)
• Zakat
• Al-Kaffarah

Notes

• ^Pronunciation variations in Literary Arabic: /sˤadaqa/, the first and the last vowels could be backed to [ɑ] and the last vowel could be turned to [ɐ]. The second vowel could also be backed to [ɑ] or fronted to [æ]. Thus [sˤɑdæqɑ, sˤɑdæqɐ, sˤɑdɑqɑ]. See Arabic phonology.

References

1. Ibrahim, Barbara; Sherif, Dina H. (2008). From Charity to Social Change: Trends in Arab Philanthropy. American Univ in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774162077. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
2. Said, Abdul Aziz et al. (2006). Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static. Taylor & Francis. p. 145. ISBN 9780415770118.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
3. Heck, Paul L. "Taxation". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
4. Wayne Visser (2011). The Age of Responsibility: CSR 2.0 and the New DNA of Business. Wiley.com. ISBN 9780203965382.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
5. http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage /index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=84354
6. https://www.ikca.org.uk/get-involved/sadaqah-donations/
7. Vincent J. Cornell (2007). Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition. ISBN 9780203965382.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
8. Nanji, Azim. "Almsgiving". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
9. Prof. Muhammad Zulfiqar (2011). Zakah According To Quran & Sunnah. Darussalam Publishers. ISBN 9780203965382.
10. Mohammad Maulana (2006). Encyclopaedia Of Quranic Studies(Set Of 26 Vols.). Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 9780203965382.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
11. Palmer, Michael D.; Burgess, Stanley M. (2012-04-30). The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781405195478. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
12. ^{[Quran 2:43]}
13. ^{[Quran 2:215]}
14. ^{[Quran 2:263]}
15. ^{[Quran 2:276]}
16. ^{[Quran 2:277]}
17. ^{[Quran 64:16]}
18. Neusner, Jacob; Chilton, Bruce (2005-11-08). Altruism in World Religions. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 1589012356. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
19. Mohamad Tajuddin Mohamad Rasdi (2014). Rethinking the Mosque In the Modern Muslim Society. ITBM. ISBN 9780203965382.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
20. Mohammed Higab (2008). Islam is the All-divine Messages in One, Volume 1. Islamic Publications Bureau. ISBN 9780203965382.
21. Syed Abul ʻAla Maudoodi (2007). Islamic State: Political Writings of Maulana Sayyid Abul ʻAla Maudoodi. Islamic Research Academy. ISBN 9780203965382.
22. Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee (1969). Compendium of Fatimid law. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. ISBN 9780203965382.
23. Ghazzālī (2001). Alchemy of eternal bliss. Kazi Publications. ISBN 9780203965382.
24. Syed Abul ʻAla Maudoodi, Ch. Muhammad Akbar (2000). Sūrah Muhammad to at-Tahrīm Volume 5 of The Meaning of the Qur'ān, Syed Abul ʻAla Maudoodi. Islamic Publications. ISBN 9780203965382.
25. ^{[Quran 3:92]}
26. Mohammad Solaiman Mandal (2009). Socioeconomic Development and Human Welfare: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Mohammad Solaiman Mandal. ISBN 9780203965382.
27. Prof. Muhammad Zulfiqar (201). Zakah According To Quran & Sunnah. ISBN 9780203965382.
28. Zakât Foundation of America (2008). The Zakat Handbook: A Practical Guide for Muslims in the West. ISBN 9780203965382.
29. Subhash C. Inamdar (2009). Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity. ISBN 9780203965382.
30. Mirza Yawar Baig (2012). Leadership Lessons from the Life of Rasoolullah: Proven Techniques. ISBN 9780203965382.
31. Islamic Cultural Centre (2008). The Islamic Quarterly, Volume 29. ISBN 9780203965382.
32. Musharraf Hussain (2012). The Five Pillars of Islam: Laying the Foundations of Divine Love and Service. ISBN 9780203965382.
33. Mohammad Solaiman Mandal (2009). Socioeconomic Development and Human Welfare: An Interdisciplinary.
34. Muhammad bin Jamil Zeno (1996). Pillars of Islam and Iman, and what Every Muslim Must Know about His Religion. Darussalam. ISBN 9780203965382.
35. Ahmed Ali Al-kuwaity, Ahmed Ali al -Kuwaity - XKP (2015). The Beauty of Charity. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9780203965382.
36. Muhammad bin Jamil Zeno (1996). Pillars of Islam and Iman, and what Every Muslim Must Know about His Religion. Darussalam. ISBN 9780203965382.
37. Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr Ibn Qayyim al-Jawzīyah, Imam Ibn Qayyim Al Jauziyah (2003). Healing with the Medicine of the Prophet. Darussalam. ISBN 9780203965382.
38. Mohamed Ariff, Shamsher Mohamad (2017). Islamic Wealth Management: Theory and Practice. Amazon. ISBN 9780203965382.
39. Abdulazeez Abdulraheem (2014). Al Asmaa Ul Husnaa: How To Live By The Names of Allah. Amazon. ISBN 9780203965382.
40. Muḥammad Zakariyyā, M. M. Qurashi, Khawaja Ihsanul Haq (2009). Volumes 1-2 of Fazail-e-sadaqaat. Zam Zam Publishers. ISBN 9780203965382.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
41. Ahmad Muhani (2010). Al-Sahifah Al-Sajjadiyyah. Islamic Propagation Organization, Imam Sahe-Bu-Zaman Association. ISBN 9780203965382.

Further reading

• Debasa, Ana Maria Carballeira, Charity and Poverty, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia oxf the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. I, pp. 92–96. 1610691776
• Oxford Islamic Studies On-line