Swiss-model

SWISS-MODEL is a structural bioinformatics web-server dedicated to homology modeling of 3D protein structures.[1][2] Homology modeling is currently the most accurate method to generate reliable three-dimensional protein structure models and is routinely used in many practical applications. Homology (or comparative) modelling methods make use of experimental protein structures ("templates") to build models for evolutionary related proteins ("targets").

SWISS-MODEL
TypeStructural bioinformatics tool
Licensefree for use, source code not available
Websitehttps://swissmodel.expasy.org/

Today, SWISS-MODEL consists of three tightly integrated components: (1) The SWISS-MODEL pipeline – a suite of software tools and databases for automated protein structure modelling,[1] (2) The SWISS-MODEL Workspace – a web-based graphical user workbench,[2] (3) The SWISS-MODEL Repository – a continuously updated database of homology models for a set of model organism proteomes of high biomedical interest.[3]

Pipeline

SWISS-MODEL pipeline comprises the four main steps that are involved in building a homology model of a given protein structure:

  1. Identification of structural template(s). BLAST and HHblits are used to identify templates. The templates are stored in the SWISS-MODEL Template Library (SMTL), which is derived from PDB.
  2. Alignment of target sequence and template structure(s).
  3. Model building and energy minimization. SWISS-MODEL implements a rigid fragment assembly approach for modelling.
  4. Assessment of the model's quality using QMEAN, a statistical potential of mean force.

Workspace

The SWISS-MODEL Workspace integrates programs and databases required for protein structure modelling in a web-based workspace. Depending on the complexity of the modelling task, different modes of usage can be applied, in which the user has different levels of control over individual modelling steps: automated mode, alignment mode, and project mode. A fully automated mode is used when a sufficiently high sequence identity between target and template (>50%) allows for no human intervention at all. In this case only the sequence or UniProt accession code of the protein is required as input. The alignment mode enables the user to input their own target-template alignments from which the modelling procedure starts (i.e. search for templates step is skipped and rarely only minor changes in the provided alignment are made). The project mode is used in more difficult cases, when manual corrections of target-template alignments are needed to improve the quality of the resulting model. In this mode the input is a project file that can be generated by the DeepView (Swiss Pdb Viewer) visualization and structural analysis tool,[4] to allow the user to examine and manipulate the target-template alignment in its structural context. In all three cases the output is a pdb file with atom coordinates of the model or a DeepView project file. The four main steps of homology modelling may be repeated iteratively until a satisfactory model is achieved.

The SWISS-MODEL Workspace is accessible via the ExPASy web server, or it can be used as part of the program DeepView (Swiss Pdb-Viewer). As of September 2015 it has been cited 20000 times in scientific literature,[5] making it one of the most widely used tools for protein structure modelling. The tool is free for academic use.

Repository

The SWISS-MODEL Repository provides access to an up-to-date collection of annotated three-dimensional protein models for a set of model organisms of high general interest. Model organisms include human[6], mouse[7], C.elegans[8], E.coli[9], and various pathogens including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)[10]. SWISS-MODEL Repository is integrated with several external resources, such as UniProt,[11] InterPro,[12] STRING,[13] and Nature PSI SBKB.[14]

New developments of the SWISS-MODEL expert system feature (1) automated modelling of homo-oligomeric assemblies; (2) modelling of essential metal ions and biologically relevant ligands in protein structures; (3) local (per-residue) model reliability estimates based on the QMEAN local score function;[15] (4) mapping of UniProt features to models. (1) and (2) are available when using the automated mode of the SWISS-MODEL Workspace; (3) is always provided when calculating an homology model using the SWISS-MODEL Workspace, and (4) is available in the SWISS-MODEL Repository.

Accuracy and reliability of the method

In the past, the accuracy, stability and reliability of the SWISS-MODEL server pipeline was validated by the EVA-CM benchmark project. Currently, the SWISS-MODEL server pipeline is participating in the CAMEO3D (Continuous Automated Model EvaluatiOn) project which continuously evaluates the accuracy and reliability of protein structure prediction services in a fully automated manner.

gollark: This is mostly two-way, i.e. two threads per core, however some enterprisey ones go to 4 or 8; this has diminishing returns because more and more of the execution resources are already used.
gollark: So when the core is waiting on memory access required for one thread, say, it can run the other one in the meantime.
gollark: Most modern CPUs support "simultaneous multithreading", where one core can run multiple threads by switching between them *very* fast (without OS intervention/context switches, I think). You might expect this to make them slower, and sometimes it does, but each core has a bunch of resources which just one running thread may underutilize.
gollark: Basically, "cores" is the number of physical... concurrent... processing... things on the CPU, and "threads" is how many tasks they can run "at once".
gollark: It's fine. Probably.

References
  1. Schwede T, Kopp J, Guex N, Peitsch MC (2003). "SWISS-MODEL: an automated protein homology-modeling server". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (13): 3381–3385. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg520. PMC 168927. PMID 12824332.
  2. Biasini M, Bienert S, Waterhouse A, Arnold K, Studer G, Schmidt T, Kiefer F, Cassarino TG, Bertoni M, Bordoli L, Schwede T (2014). "SWISS-MODEL: modelling protein tertiary and quaternary structure using evolutionary information". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (W1): 195–201. doi:10.1093/nar/gku340. PMC 4086089. PMID 24782522.
  3. Bienert S, Waterhouse A, de Beer TA, Tauriello G, Studer G, Bordoli L, Schwede T (2017). "The SWISS-MODEL Repository-new features and functionality". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D313–D319. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1132. PMC 5210589. PMID 27899672.
  4. Guex N, Peitsch MC, Schwede T (2009). "Automated comparative protein structure modeling with SWISS-MODEL and Swiss-PdbViewer: a historical perspective". Electrophoresis. 30 (Suppl 1): S162–173. doi:10.1002/elps.200900140. PMID 19517507.
  5. Number of results returned from a search in Google Scholar. (Google Scholar)
  6. "SWISS-MODEL | Homo sapiens". swissmodel.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  7. "SWISS-MODEL | Mus musculus". swissmodel.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  8. "SWISS-MODEL | Caenorhabditis elegans". swissmodel.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  9. "SWISS-MODEL | Escherichia coli". swissmodel.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  10. "SWISS-MODEL | SARS-CoV-2". swissmodel.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  11. Wu CH, Apweiler R, Bairoch A, et al. (2006). "The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt): an expanding universe of protein information". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Database issue): D187–91. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj161. PMC 1347523. PMID 16381842.
  12. Wu CH, Apweiler R, Bairoch A, et al. (2007). InterPro and InterProScan: tools for protein sequence classification and comparison. Methods Mol Biol. Methods in Molecular Biology. 396. pp. 59–70. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-515-2_5. ISBN 978-1-934115-37-4. PMID 18025686.
  13. Szklarczyk D, Franceschini A, Kuhn M, et al. (2011). "The STRING database in 2011: functional interaction networks of proteins, globally integrated and scored". Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (Database issue): D561–8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq973. PMC 3013807. PMID 21045058.
  14. Gabanyi MJ, Adams PD, Arnold K, et al. (2011). "The Structural Biology Knowledgebase: a portal to protein structures, sequences, functions, and methods". Journal of Structural and Functional Genomics. 12 (2): 45–54. doi:10.1007/s10969-011-9106-2. PMC 3123456. PMID 21472436.
  15. Benkert P, Kunzli M, Schwede T (2009). "QMEAN server for protein model quality estimation". Nucleic Acids Research. 37 (Web Server issue): W510–4. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp322. PMC 2703985. PMID 19429685.

See also
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