S21 (Berlin)

S21 is a term of the Berlin S-Bahn with several usages:

  • A temporary service, which operated during the 2006 FIFA World Cup and during service reductions in 2009.
  • A planned second north-south route, of which the first section is under construction
  • A proposed service on that route
former
Henningsdorf only in 2009
 Gesundbrunnen
 Berlin Hauptbahnhof
 Potsdamer Platz
 Südkreuz
DBAG Class 423 of the Munich S-Bahn in Gesundbrunnen station

Overview

The route creates an S-Bahn connection from the Nordring (Jungfernheide and Westhafen as well as Wedding and Gesundbrunnen) and the northern suburban railways (Kremmener Bahn from Hennigsdorf, Nordbahn from Oranienburg and Szczecin Bahn from Bernau) via the main station, Potsdamer Platz, Gleisdreieck to the Südring (Schöneberg, Südkreuz) and the southern suburban railways (Wannseebahn from Berlin-Wannsee, Anhalter Vorortbahn from Teltow and Dresdener Bahn from Blankenfelde).

The ministry in the past had created various routes:

  • the Verbindungsbahn, which connected the main stations to street level in the 1850s in the south,
  • the Ringbahn, which once runs around the city center, with railways for S-Bahn and other traffic,
  • the Stadtbahn, which crosses the city in an east-west direction on a viaduct, also with long-distance and S-Bahn tracks.
  • the North-south tunnel of the S-Bahn, without mainline tracks.

In 1917, urban planner Martin Mächler proposed in a development plan to build a tunnel between Potsdam and Anhalter Bahn and Lehrter Bahnhof. This should create construction areas for the expansion of the city center. The Lehrter station was to be developed as a Friedrich List station to a crossing station for the north-south and east-west traffic. This model was later to be realized in a modified form as a mushroom concept.

After the Second World War to the early 1950s, the remaining old station stations Lehrter Bahnhof, Potsdamer Bahnhof, Anhalter Bahnhof, Görlitzer Bahnhof and Stettiner Bahnhof (North Station) were shut down because they were heavily destroyed and West Berlin was cut off from the surrounding GDR and so had reduced long-distance traffic. The other main stations, such as the Hamburger Bahnhof, were closed in the 19th century.

All long-distance traffic in West Berlin shifted to the Stadtbahn. In East Berlin next to the light rail Lichtenberg station was connected to the main station and new connections to the north and south. The most important stations of Berlin on the urban railway line were the Ostbahnhof (to 1950: Schlesischer station, from 1987: main station, since 1998: again Ostbahnhof) in the east and the station Zoologischer Garten in the west.

After the German reunification it became clear that a rationalisation of the Berlin railway network was necessary. The Berlin-Lichtenberg station was too peripheral for much of the city, the light rail had limited capacity and a long-distance transport links to the central areas of the city in the north and south were missing.

Almost parallel to the S21 run two other railway tunnels in a north-south direction: The first north-south tunnel of Berlin S-Bahn is the tunnel section below the city center and includes the section Bornholmer road - Gesundbrunnen - Friedrichstrasse - Anhalter station - Priesterweg / Schöneberg , A link between both tunnels is planned at the stations Potsdamer Platz and Yorckstraße. The north-south long-distance railway line for long-distance and regional trains from Nordring via Hauptbahnhof to Südkreuz runs through the Nord-Süd-Fernbahn tunnel, which was commissioned in 2006.

The project is divided into several planning and realization sections, the first of which is in the concrete realization.

These are the key interchange stations of the line:

  • Gesundbrunnen for the northern part of Ringbahn towards Mecklenburg and some towards the south
  • Spandau for the western part of Ringbahn towards Hamburg und Hannover
  • Südkreuz (before 2006: S-Bahnhof Papestraße) for the southern part of Ringbahn towards Leipzig und Dresden

History

In June 1992, the Federal Ministry of Transport decided on the mushroom concept. It provided for the construction of a central station in the area of the former Lehrter station. While the area in the east-west direction had already been developed with the Berlin light rail, there was no efficient inner-city connection in a north-south direction. For this purpose, the construction of a S-Bahn line was planned, which should lead to the northwest to the Berlin Ringbahn and from the station Berlin Beusselstraße on to the airport Tegel. Towards the south a route was planned over the station Potsdamer Platz further to the Yorckstraße. A little later, the planning was supplemented by a connection to the northern Ringbahn to the east. In May 1993, it emerged that a standardized assessment of the S21 did not even come close to achieving a benefit-cost factor of 1.

In the Berlin Senate, which was governed at that time by a grand coalition, there were different views on the project. The CDU with its Transport Senator Herwig Haase endorsed the concept; The SPD with the building Senator Wolfgang Nagel declined because of the high cost. After the federal government was not ready to finance the project, the Berlin Senate decided on October 5, 1993, to renounce the immediate construction of the track. Also on a free-keeping of the route waived the Senate by order of November 30, 1993. The project cost around one billion marks at the time. A year later, Haase tried to achieve a free-standing of the route and the construction of individual inputs in the area Potsdamer Platz, but failed initially. In early 1995, however, the Senate resolution was revised in the House of Representatives and decided to keep the planned route, after even the SPD faction had opposed the decision of the Bausenators. However, the decision at that time contained only one route clearing at the northern end of the line in the direction of the east, but not to the western loop.

In the autumn of 1999, the Berlin Senate assured Deutsche Bahn to pre-finance the shell construction of the connection from the Nordring to the Lehrter Bahnhof (the later main station). In the construction of the long-distance railway tunnel and the underground station part also appropriate facilities for the rapid-transit railway were to be established. At that time Deutsche Bahn assumed that the S21 could go into operation together with the mainline tunnel in mid-2005. However, the unclear financing caused further delays in construction. At the beginning of 2001, the Confederation stated that it still considered the route unnecessary and did not want to finance it. In contrast, the Berlin Senate continued to consider a north-south connection to the new central station to be important. The Deutsche Bahn also saw the construction of the S21 as a priority.

The two former services were operated with 15 kV, 16.7 Hz AC overhead lines, while all other S-Bahn lines in Berlin were and are operated with 800 V DC third rail. It was operated by Deutsche Bahn.

First operation in 2006

S21 service was introduced with the opening of the Berlin North-South mainline and the new Berlin Hauptbahnhof central station, while the 2006 FIFA World Cup took place in Germany. DBAG Class 423 trains were used, these trains were borrowed from the Munich, Stuttgart and Frankfurt S-Bahn networks. The first S21 service was discontinued on July 11, 2006.

Second operation in 2009

In 2009 the S-Bahn service had to be strongly shortened due to lack of rolling stock. As a replacement and addition for the North-South S-Bahn route (S1, S2, S25 service), the S21 ran again. Some S21 trains were extended to Hennigsdorf as a replacement for S25. This time, trains of the Munich, Stuttgart and Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn networks were used.

Future
planned
S21 route
Overview
Line number6017 Westhafen–Hbf–Potsdamer Platz
6019 Wedding–Hauptbahnhof
Technical
Track gauge1435
Electrification800 V Third rail DC
Route map
Northern circular
Westhafen
Wedding
Perleberger Brücke
Hauptbahnhof
Reichstag
(No longer planned)
Potsdamer Platz
Nord-Süd-Tunnel to Anhalter Bahnhof
Gleisdreieck
from Anhalter Bahnhof
Yorckstraße
Anhalter Vorortbahn to Südkreuz
Julius-Leber-Brücke
Southern circular
 Südkreuz
Southern circular
→ First section
→ Second section
→ Third section

The second North-South route (third rail) is planned since the 1930s. This route has the working title S21, but the route will not be exclusively served by the S21 service. A first part will be opened in 2017, connecting Berlin's central station with the northern part of the circle line. A S21 shuttle train will operate between Hauptbahnhof and Gesundbrunnen.

With the opening of the second section Hauptbahnhof – Potsdamer Platz around 2023, there will be changes. S1 which goes from Oranienburg to Wannsee will be diverted via the second north-south line, the first north-south line will still have S2 and S25. Finally, the S85 that was terminating at Waidmannslust, will be diverted at Schönhauser Allee via the Berliner Ringbahn, then Berlin Hauptbahnhof, Potsdamer Platz, Yorckstraße (Großgörschenstraße), Schöneberg, Steglitz and terminating at Zehlendorf via S1 to increase frequencies on the Wannsee line.

The S21 will be introduced from Jungfernheide to Potsdamer Platz via Berlin Hauptbahnhof when it opens.

Projects not taken place
  • The reconstruction of the long-distance Berlin–Dresden railway tracks were delayed. The construction will also shorten the link to Berlin Brandenburg Airport. Until then, the trains have to take the detour via the Anhalter Bahn and the outer ring of Berlin, which means that no reduction in travel time is achieved on this route.
  • A reconstruction of the trunk line between Potsdam and Zehlendorf was delayed. Only their connection in the tunnel of the north-south railway was prepared structurally. Likewise, the reconstruction of the long-distance tracks of the Northern Railway on Berlin territory was canceled. The trains take the detour via the Berlin–Szczecin railway and the Berlin outer ring.
  • An S-Bahn connection of the main station in north-south direction should take place only in the second half of the 2010s. The start of construction of the "S21" said connection has now been made.
  • The connection of Berlin Hauptbahnhof via the U5 in the direction of Alexanderplatz is currently under construction, but the continuation in the direction of Moabit (connecting with Turmstraße) and Charlottenburg (Jungfernheide) has been cancelled due to the scheduled closure of Tegel Airport. Instead, a line extension of the tram on Turmstraße and Mierendorffplatz to Luisenplatz or Jungfernheide and Tegel Airport (two branches) is planned.
  • The Berlin Gesundbrunnen station was initially built without a reception building. This was subsequently built and opened in mid-2016.
  • For reasons of cost and scheduling difficulties, the roof of the upper station hall was only shortened during the construction of the main station. Instead of the originally designed roof structure of the lower hall, a simple concrete ceiling was created.

Controversy
  • The construction of a completely new central station, Berlin Hauptbahnhof and the new tunnel were very expensive.
  • None of the north-south rapid-transit railway lines leads through the new central station. Such a connection is provided (see S-Bahn Berlin, the space for platforms was kept free), the northern part is since autumn 2009 under construction. The southern part will not be completed before 2023, however.
  • Also underground and trams had yet to be re-introduced to the main train station. The short subway line U55 to the Brandenburg Gate was opened in August 2009, the connection of this piece with the line U5 does not yet exist. The first line of the tram (M5) reached only in December 2014, the station.
  • The abolition of stops for long-distance trains of the Deutsche Bahn in the station Zoologischer Garten was heavily criticized. The deletion of these stops was at that time not part of the original mushroom concept, moreover, many parts of the city are better connected to the Zoologischer Garten station than to the main train station.
  • The project is considered by many to be too large and contains both provisions for a significant increase in population of the agglomeration, as well as a change in the modal split in favor of rail transport. Through the four-track tunnel only six trains run per hour and direction. On the other hand, an allegedly too small capacity of the tunnel was also criticized.
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gollark: Which seems quite understanding-y.
gollark: The subjective experience of a language model experiencing "humor" is not very testable, but PaLM can apparently explain jokes.

References
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