Russula sanguinaria

Russula sanguinaria, commonly known as the bloody brittlegill, is a strikingly coloured mushroom of the genus Russula, which has the common name of brittlegills. It is bright blood-red, inedible, and grows in association with coniferous trees. It was previously widely known as Russula sanguinea.

Russula sanguinaria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Russulales
Family:
Russulaceae
Genus:
Russula
Species:
R. sanguinaria
Binomial name
Russula sanguinaria
(Schumach.) Rauschert. (1989)
Synonyms
Russula sanguinaria
float
Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium
cap is convex or depressed
hymenium is adnate or decurrent
stipe is bare
spore print is cream
edibility: inedible

Taxonomy
Russula sanguinaria in Germany, Schelklingen, Hausen

The bloody brittlegill was first described as Agaricus sanguinarius by Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher in 1803, and redescribed under its current binomial name by mycologist Stephan Rauschert in 1989. Agaricus sanguinea was described by Bulliard and renamed Russula sanguinea by Elias Magnus Fries.

Both the specific epithets sanguinaria and sanguinea are derived from the Latin word sanguis "blood", a reference to this mushroom’s colour.[1] It is unclear whether this European species is the same as the American species Russula rosacea.[2]

Description

The robust cap grows up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. At first it is convex, but later flattens, and sometimes becomes saucer-shaped when mature. It is bright blood-red, or rose coloured at first, fading slightly with age, and often having paler areas. The cap skin peels at the margin only. The stem is firmly robust, occasionally white, but more commonly flushed with the cap colour. It is streaked vertically, and tends to turn greyish pink with age. The cream to pale ochre gills are adnate to slightly decurrent, narrow and forking. The spore print is also cream to pale ochre. The flesh is white, somewhat hot and peppery, and sometimes bitter on the tongue,[3] with a faint fruity smell.[1]

Similar species
  • Russula helodes is macroscopically identical, but tends to favour sphagnum moss in coniferous forests, and is much rarer.
  • Russula emetica (Schaeff.) Pers. grows in the same habitat, and has a bright red cap. However, it almost never has a coloured stipe, and is very crumbly and fragile.

Most of the other common bright red Russula species grow with deciduous trees.

Distribution and habitat

Russula sanguinaria appears in summer and autumn. It is widespread in the northern temperate zones, and is mycorrhizal with softwood trees, often Pinus (pine) in coniferous woodland, on sandy soils.[4]

Edibility

This mushroom is inedible;[5] it has a 'peppery' taste, and is sometimes quite bitter. Many similar-tasting Russulas are poisonous when eaten raw. The symptoms are mainly gastrointestinal in nature: diarrhoea, vomiting and colicky abdominal cramps. The active agent has not been identified but is thought to consist of sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from Russula sardonia,[6] and the related genus Lactarius.[7]

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gollark: processor : 0vendor_id : AuthenticAMDcpu family : 23model : 1model name : AMD Ryzen 3 1200 Quad-Core Processorstepping : 1microcode : 0x800111ccpu MHz : 3410.279cache size : 512 KBphysical id : 0siblings : 4core id : 0cpu cores : 4apicid : 0initial apicid : 0fpu : yesfpu_exception : yescpuid level : 13wp : yesflags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl nonstop_tsc cpuid extd_apicid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 fma cx16 sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm extapic cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw skinit wdt tce topoext perfctr_core perfctr_nb bpext perfctr_llc mwaitx cpb hw_pstate sme ssbd sev vmmcall fsgsbase bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 rdseed adx smap clflushopt sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves clzero irperf xsaveerptr arat npt lbrv svm_lock nrip_save tsc_scale vmcb_clean flushbyasid decodeassists pausefilter pfthreshold avic v_vmsave_vmload vgif overflow_recov succor smcabugs : sysret_ss_attrs null_seg spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypassbogomips : 6989.20TLB size : 2560 4K pagesclflush size : 64cache_alignment : 64address sizes : 43 bits physical, 48 bits virtualpower management: ts ttp tm hwpstate eff_freq_ro [13] [14]

See also

References
  1. Nilson S & Persson O (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 118. ISBN 0-14-063006-6.
  2. Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 653. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
  3. Roger Phillips (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. p. 17. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
  4. Thomas Laessoe (1998). Mushrooms (flexi bound). Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-1070-0.
  5. Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  6. Andina D. et al. (1980). "Sesquiterpenes from Russula sardonia." Phytochemistry 19: 93–97
  7. Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas — a Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists and Physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. p. 369. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9.
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