Rudolph Leibel

Rudolph Leibel (born 1942) is the Christopher J. Murphy Professor of Diabetes Research, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine at Columbia University Medical Center,[1] and Director of the Division of Molecular Genetics in the Department of Pediatrics.[2] He is also Co-Director of the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center[3] and Executive Director of the Russell and Angelica Berrie Program in Cellular Therapy,[4] Co-Director of the New York Obesity Research Center[5] and the Columbia University Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center.[6]

Rudolph Leibel
Rudolph Leibel, 2012
Born1942 (age 77–78)
United States of America
CitizenshipUnited States
Alma materColgate University, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Known forCo-Discovery of Leptin, Advancing the Understanding of Obesity
Spouse(s)Lulu Leibel
AwardsNational Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine Member; TOPS Scientific Achievement Award; NIH/HHS Intragency Committee on Human Nutrition Research; New York State Science, Technology and Academic Research (NYSTAR) Distinguished Professor; Albert Einstein College of Medicine Distinguished Alumnus Award; Berthold Medal of the European Society of Endocrinology, Federation Award for Biomedical Research of the Federation of Medical Scientific Societies of the Netherlands, Leiden University; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Federal Advisory Council Member; The Christopher J. Murphy Professorship of Diabetes Research at Columbia University; Honoris Causa Doctorate, Louisiana State University
Scientific career
FieldsMolecular Genetics, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Pediatrics
InstitutionsBoston Children's Hospital, Cambridge Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Rockefeller University, Columbia University
InfluencesJules Hirsch, Douglas L. Coleman

Leibel's co-discovery at Rockefeller University of the hormone leptin, and cloning of the leptin and leptin receptor genes, has had a major role in the area of understanding human obesity.[7][8] Leibel has published hundreds of scientific papers on obesity, and has authored and co-authored 70 scientific papers on the topic of leptin specifically.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81]

Path to discovery of the obesity gene: Leptin

Having encountered obesity in children as a medical doctor in the 1970s, Leibel believed that biology played a stronger role than “will power” in human obesity and joined Jules Hirsch in theorizing about the psychobiology of obesity - a belief that body weight was the result of complex interactions between genes and the environment rather than a simple matter of free will.[82] In 1978, based on his theory that genetics played a major role in determining body weight regulation in humans, Leibel left Harvard University to join Jules Hirsch at Rockefeller University with the goal of finding the factor that drove eating. In collaboration with Douglas Coleman, Leibel determined that a mutation of the ob gene resulted in mice that were unable to manufacture a working satiety-signaling protein and that a db mutation resulted in mice that had the protein, but lacked the ability to detect the signal.[7][8]

Leibel and Hirsch began a series of scientific investigations aimed at laying the groundwork for determining the connection between genetics and obesity. Over the course of eight years, Leibel's work ranged from studies of glycerol to the development of a radioisotopic technique for analysis of free fatty acid re-esterification in human adipose tissue to the metabolic characterization of obesity.[83][84] After concluding that the tools of molecular genetics were key to moving his research forward and finding the obesity gene,[85] Leibel initiated a collaboration with then-junior Rockefeller University faculty member and molecular biologist Jeffrey Friedman in 1986, and began to assemble a team of researchers including Streamson C. Chua, Nathan Bahary, Don Siegel, Yiying Zhang, Ricardo Proenca and others. Leveraging his respected and senior status within the scientific community, Leibel obtained ongoing funding from the National Institutes of Health and other sources, allowing the team to develop and utilize new techniques in their research such as chromosome microdissection.

As their research progressed, Leibel at al published a series of papers in scientific journals that reported the mapping of the ob gene, the first of these being a 1990 paper in World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics entitled "Genetic Variation and Nutrition in Obesity: Approaches to the Molecular Genetics of Obesity",[86] and another 1990 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences entitled "Molecular Mapping of the Mouse db Mutation".[87]

Among numerous additional papers published on the topic between 1991 and 1994,[88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104] Leibel was the lead author of a paper entitled "Strategies for the Molecular Genetic Analysis of Obesity in Humans" in 1993.[105] In 1994, with the ob gene isolated, Leibel and others were omitted as co-authors of a scientific paper published by Friedman that reported the discovery of the gene. In place of being included as an author, Leibel was acknowledged in fine print at the end of the paper as an “important contributor to the early phases of this work” together with Friedman’s fiancée, who was not a scientist.[106] The various theories surrounding Friedman’s deliberate omission of Leibel and others as co-authors of this important paper are presented in Ellen Ruppel Shell's 2002 book The Hungry Gene.[7][8]

Leibel continued to author and co-author numerous papers on the connection between genetics and obesity[107][108][109][110][111][112][113][78][76][114][73][115][116][117][72][71][118] and, in 1997, published a paper in the scientific journal Nature Genetics titled "And Finally, Genes for Human Obesity".[119] Leibel and others involved with the discovery of the obesity gene eventually left Rockefeller University to establish a research base at Columbia University where Leibel became the head of the Division of Molecular Genetics.

Biography and academic background

Leibel obtained an A.B. from Colgate University in 1963 and an MD in 1967 from Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He was an Intern and Junior Resident in Pediatrics at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1967 to 1969, after which he served as a Major in the United States Army Medical Corps from 1969 to 1971.

Medical training

After serving as a Senior Resident in Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital from 1971 to 1972, Leibel became an NIH Clinical and Research Fellow in Pediatric Endocrinology-Metabolism at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1972 to 1974. He was a Research Associate in the Department of Nutrition and Food Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1975 to 1978 and joined Rockefeller University from 1978 to 1981 as a Rockefeller Scholar in Clinical Science. Leibel completed his training as an Established Investigator at the American Heart Association from 1985 to 1989.

Scientific career

Leibel's seminal contributions to the field of obesity research, and childhood obesity specifically, were highlighted in Okie's 2005 book Fed Up!: Winning the War Against Childhood Obesity.[120] He has authored or co-authored over 300 peer reviewed scientific papers, which have been cited over 13,000 times in the world scientific literature.[121] He also serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, International Journal of Obesity, and Obesity Research, and has received numerous awards for scientific and pioneering work in medical research.

In recognition of his scientific work, Leibel was elected as a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences in 1998[122] and serves as a member of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Federal Advisory Council. His research is funded by the National Institutes of Health, the American Diabetes Association, the New York State Stem Cell Science Program, the Russell Berrie Foundation and the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, as well as Astra Zeneca. Leibel also serves as one of four Scientific Steering Committee members of the Type 1 Diabetes Research Consortium, a multi-institutional collaborative program of The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, that was established in 2009 to better understand the causes of type 1 diabetes and explore potential therapies. As of 2012, the consortium encompassed 11 institutions and 45 investigators through 28 grants totaling $21.8 million.

Leibel is the Chairman of the Selection Committee for the Pollin Prize for Pediatric Research and is the Co-Director of the NIH Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center (DERC), at Columbia University.

Research focus and discoveries

Leibel's initial research was focused on adrenergic receptor-mediated effects on lipolysis, and on the control of fatty acid re-esterification in human adipose tissue. Being among the first investigators to describe anatomic site-related differences in alpha 2 and beta 1 adrenoceptor activity in human adipose tissue, Leibel was also one of the first scientists to assess the role of alpha 2 and beta 1 adrenoceptor in determining the sexual dimorphism in human adipose tissue distribution.[123][124]

In addition to cloning the mouse mahoganoid mutation that modifies the obesity of Yellow mice,[125][126][127] Leibel also developed a microassay system for quantifying the re-esterification pathway in human adipose tissue. This invention has led to elucidation of the control mechanisms involved with circulating free fatty acids in humans.[128][129][130][131][132][133][134]

After Leibel's co-discovery of the leptin gene in 1994, which involved a reverse genetic/positional cloning strategy to clone ob and db, Leibel, working with collaborators at Millennium Pharmaceuticals and colleague Streamson Chua, confirmed cloning of the leptin receptor by demonstrating that an apparent leptin receptor cloned from a choroid plexus library using leptin as ligand, mapped to a physical map that included db and fa.[135]

The efforts of the Leibel laboratory at Columbia University focus on the genetics of obesity and non-insulin dependent diabetes, or diabetes mellitus type 2. The laboratory has mapped, cloned and identified mutations in the obese and fatty genes in humans, rats, and mice and focuses on defining the physiological basis by which signaling networks regulate body size and composition. The Leibel laboratory is also working to isolate additional human and rodent genes that influence body weight and the susceptibility to diabetes mellitus type 2 in the context of obesity.

Press and media

Leibel was featured throughout HBO's The Weight of the Nation series in 2012 as a key scientific commentator.[136] He has been featured on numerous television news shows such as Charlie Rose,[137] and is often featured in the popular press.[138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157]

Honors and awards

In addition to dozens of visiting professorships and more than 100 lectureships, the following awards have been granted to Leibel:

  1. Phi Beta Kappa
  2. Alpha Omega Alpha
  3. Austen-Colgate Scholar
  4. NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship
  5. Rockefeller Scholar in Clinical Science
  6. Established Investigator, American Heart Association
  7. Eliot Hochstein Award for excellence in teaching, Cornell University Medical College
  8. Senior List for excellence in teaching, Cornell University Medical College
  9. TOPS Scientific Achievement Award (NAASO - 1996)
  10. NIH/HHS Intragency Committee on Human Nutrition Research (1997)
  11. Member, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences
  12. New York State Science, Technology and Academic Research (NYSTAR) Distinguished Professor (2002)
  13. Distinguished Alumnus Award, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (2005)
  14. Berthold Medal of the European Society of Endocrinology (2008)
  15. Federation Award for Biomedical Research of the Federation of Medical Scientific Societies of the Netherlands, Leiden University. (2008)[158]
  16. Member, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Federal Advisory Council
  17. The Christopher J. Murphy Professorship of Diabetes Research (2011)
  18. Louisiana State University/Pennington Biomedical Research Honoris Causa Doctorate (2012)
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References
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  9. Gan, L; Guo, K; Cremona, ML; McGraw, TE; Leibel, RL; Zhang, Y (2012). "TNF-α up-regulates protein level and cell surface expression of the leptin receptor by stimulating its export via a PKC-dependent mechanism". Endocrinology. 153: 5821–33. doi:10.1210/en.2012-1510. PMC 3512064. PMID 23070544.
  10. Ravussin, Y; LeDuc, CA; Watanabe, K; Leibel, RL (2012). "Effects of ambient temperature on adaptive thermogenesis during maintenance of reduced body weight in mice". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 303: R438-48. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00092.2012. PMC 3423991. PMID 22761182.
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  13. Kissileff, HR; Thornton, JC; Torres, MI; Pavlovich, K; Mayer, LS; Kalari, V; Leibel, RL; Rosenbaum, M (2012). "Leptin reverses declines in satiation in weight-reduced obese humans". Am J Clin Nutr. 95: 309–17. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.012385. PMC 3260066. PMID 22237063.
  14. Rosenbaum, M; Leibel, RL (2012). "Brain reorganization following weight loss". Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 73: 1–20. doi:10.1159/000341282. PMID 23128762.
  15. Baldwin, KM; Joanisse, DR; Haddad, F; Goldsmith, RL; Gallagher, D; Pavlovich, KH; Shamoon, EL; Leibel, RL; Rosenbaum, M (2011). "Effects of weight loss and leptin on skeletal muscle in human subjects". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 301: R1259-66. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00397.2011. PMC 3213951. PMID 21917907.
  16. Conroy, R; Girotra, M; Shane, E; McMahon, DJ; Pavlovich, KH; Leibel, RL; Rosenbaum, M; Korner, J (2011). "Leptin administration does not prevent the bone mineral metabolism changes induced by weight loss". Metabolism. 60: 1222–6. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.02.010. PMC 3139754. PMID 21489573.
  17. Duggal, P; Guo, X; Haque, R; et al. (March 2011). "A mutation in the leptin receptor is associated with Entamoeba histolytica infection in children". J. Clin. Invest. 121: 1191–8. doi:10.1172/JCI45294. PMC 3049405. PMID 21393862.
  18. Stratigopoulos, G; LeDuc, CA; Cremona, ML; Chung, WK; Leibel, RL (2011). "Cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) regulates expression of the fat mass and obesity-associated and retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator-interacting protein-1-like (RPGRIP1L) genes and coordinates leptin receptor signaling". J Biol Chem. 286: 2155–70. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.188482. PMC 3023512. PMID 21037323.
  19. Myers, MG Jr; Leibel, RL; Seeley, RJ; Schwartz, MW (2010). "Obesity and leptin resistance: distinguishing cause from effect". Trends Endocrinol Metab. 21: 643–51. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2010.08.002. PMC 2967652. PMID 20846876.
  20. Rosenbaum, M; Leibel, RL (2010). "Adaptive thermogenesis in humans". Int J Obes (Lond). 34 Suppl 1: S47-55. doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.184. PMC 3673773. PMID 20935667.
  21. Rosenbaum, M; Kissileff, HR; Mayer, LE; Hirsch, J; Leibel, RL (2010). "Energy intake in weight-reduced humans". Brain Res. 1350: 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.062. PMC 2926239. PMID 20595050.
  22. Goldsmith, R; Joanisse, DR; Gallagher, D; Pavlovich, K; Shamoon, E; Leibel, RL; Rosenbaum, M (2010). "Effects of experimental weight perturbation on skeletal muscle work efficiency, fuel utilization, and biochemistry in human subjects". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 298: R79-88. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00053.2009. PMC 2806213. PMID 19889869.
  23. Stratigopoulos, G; LeDuc, CA; Matsuoka, N; Gutman, R; Rausch, R; Robertson, SA; Myers, MG Jr; Chung, WK; Chua, SC Jr; Leibel, RL (2009). "Functional consequences of the human leptin receptor (LEPR) Q223R transversion". Obesity (Silver Spring). 17: 126–35. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.489. PMC 2808713. PMID 18997673.
  24. Leibel, RL (2008). "Molecular physiology of weight regulation in mice and humans". Int J Obes (Lond). 32 Suppl 7: S98–108. doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.245. PMC 2682360. PMID 19136999.
  25. Weisberg, SP; Leibel, R; Tortoriello, DV (2008). "Dietary curcumin significantly improves obesity-associated inflammation and diabetes in mouse models of diabesity". Endocrinology. 149: 3549–58. doi:10.1210/en.2008-0262. PMC 2453081. PMID 18403477.
  26. Rosenbaum, M; Sy, M; Pavlovich, K; Leibel, RL; Hirsch, J (2008). "Leptin reverses weight loss-induced changes in regional neural activity responses to visual food stimuli". J Clin Invest. 118: 2583–91. doi:10.1172/JCI35055. PMC 2430499. PMID 18568078.
  27. Stratigopoulos, G; Padilla, SL; LeDuc, CA; Watson, E; Hattersley, AT; McCarthy, MI; Zeltser, LM; Chung, WK; Leibel, RL (2008). "Regulation of Fto/Ftm gene expression in mice and humans". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 294: R1185-96. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00839.2007. PMC 2808712. PMID 18256137.
  28. Phan, LK; Chung, WK; Leibel, RL (2006). "The mahoganoid mutation (Mgrn1md) improves insulin sensitivity in mice with mutations in the melanocortin signaling pathway independently of effects on adiposity". Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 291: E611-20. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00034.2006. PMID 16638826.
  29. Chung, WK; Leibel, RL (2006). "The links between obesity, leptin, and prostate cancer". Cancer J. 12: 178–81. doi:10.1097/00130404-200605000-00004. PMID 16803674.
  30. Rosenbaum, M; Goldsmith, R; Bloomfield, D; Magnano, A; Weimer, L; Heymsfield, S; Gallagher, D; Mayer, L; Murphy, E; Leibel, RL (2005). "Low-dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight". J Clin Invest. 115: 3579–86. doi:10.1172/JCI25977. PMC 1297250. PMID 16322796.
  31. Seidelmann, SB; De Luca, C; Leibel, RL; Breslow, JL; Tall, AR; Welch, CL (2005). "Quantitative trait locus mapping of genetic modifiers of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice: identification of a locus for metabolic syndrome and increased atherosclerosis on chromosome 4". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 25: 204–10. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000149146.32385.1b. PMC 4027971. PMID 15514201.
  32. Guo, KY; Halo, P; Leibel, RL; Zhang, Y (2004). "Effects of obesity on the relationship of leptin mRNA expression and adipocyte size in anatomically distinct fat depots in mice". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 287: R112-9. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00028.2004. PMID 15001430.
  33. Korner, J; Leibel, RL (2003). "To eat or not to eat - how the gut talks to the brain". N Engl J Med. 349: 926–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMp038114. PMID 12954739.
  34. Schwartz, MW; Woods, SC; Seeley, RJ; Barsh, GS; Baskin, DG; Leibel, RL (2003). "Is the energy homeostasis system inherently biased toward weight gain?". Diabetes. 52: 232–8. doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.2.232. PMID 12540591.
  35. Leibel, RL (2002). "The role of leptin in the control of body weight". Nutr Rev. 60: S15-9, discussion S68-84, 85–7. doi:10.1301/002966402320634788. PMID 12403079.
  36. Heo, M; Leibel, RL; Fontaine, KR; Boyer, BB; Chung, WK; Koulu, M; Karvonen, MK; Pesonen, U; Rissanen, A; Laakso, M; Uusitupa, MI; Chagnon, Y; Bouchard, C; Donohoue, PA; Burns, TL; Shuldiner, AR; Silver, K; Andersen, RE; Pedersen, O; Echwald, S; Sørensen, TI; Behn, P; Permutt, MA; Jacobs, KB; Elston, RC; Hoffman, DJ; Gropp, E; Allison, DB (2002). "A meta-analytic investigation of linkage and association of common leptin receptor (LEPR) polymorphisms with body mass index and waist circumference". Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 26: 640–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801990. PMID 12032747.
  37. Rosenbaum, M; Murphy, EM; Heymsfield, SB; Matthews, DE; Leibel, RL (2002). "Low dose leptin administration reverses effects of sustained weight-reduction on energy expenditure and circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87: 2391–4. doi:10.1210/jcem.87.5.8628. PMID 11994393.
  38. Zhang, Y; Guo, KY; Diaz, PA; Heo, M; Leibel, RL (2002). "Determinants of leptin gene expression in fat depots of lean mice". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 282: R226-34. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00392.2001. PMID 11742842.
  39. Heo, M; Leibel, RL; Boyer, BB; Chung, WK; Koulu, M; Karvonen, MK; Pesonen, U; Rissanen, A; Laakso, M; Uusitupa, MI; Chagnon, Y; Bouchard, C; Donohoue, PA; Burns, TL; Shuldiner, AR; Silver, K; Andersen, RE; Pedersen, O; Echwald, S; Sørensen, TI; Behn, P; Permutt, MA; Jacobs, KB; Elston, RC; Hoffman, DJ; Allison, DB (2001). "Pooling analysis of genetic data: the association of leptin receptor (LEPR) polymorphisms with variables related to human adiposity". Genetics. 159: 1163–78. PMC 1461868. PMID 11729160.
  40. Korner, J; Savontaus, E; Chua, SC Jr; Leibel, RL; Wardlaw, SL (2001). "Leptin regulation of Agrp and Npy mRNA in the rat hypothalamus". J Neuroendocrinol. 13: 959–66. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00716.x. PMID 11737554.
  41. Ferrante, AW Jr; Thearle, M; Liao, T; Leibel, RL (2001). "Effects of leptin deficiency and short-term repletion on hepatic gene expression in genetically obese mice". Diabetes. 50: 2268–78. doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.10.2268. PMID 11574408.
  42. Rosenbaum, M; Pietrobelli, A; Vasselli, JR; Heymsfield, SB; Leibel, RL (2001). "Sexual dimorphism in circulating leptin concentrations is not accounted for by differences in adipose tissue distribution". Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 25: 1365–71. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801730. PMID 11571601.
  43. Boozer, CN; Leibel, RL; Love, RJ; Cha, MC; Aronne, LJ (2001). "Synergy of sibutramine and low-dose leptin in treatment of diet-induced obesity in rats". Metabolism. 50: 889–93. doi:10.1053/meta.2001.24917. PMID 11474475.
  44. Kowalski, TJ; Liu, SM; Leibel, RL; Chua, SC Jr (2001). "Transgenic complementation of leptin-receptor deficiency. I. Rescue of the obesity/diabetes phenotype of LEPR-null mice expressing a LEPR-B transgene". Diabetes. 50: 425–35. doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.2.425. PMID 11272157.
  45. Zhang, Y; Hufnagel, C; Eiden, S; Guo, KY; Diaz, PA; Leibel, R; Schmidt, I (2001). "Mechanisms for LEPR-mediated regulation of leptin expression in brown and white adipocytes in rat pups". Physiol Genomics. 4: 189–99. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.2001.4.3.189. PMID 11160998.
  46. Korner, J; Wardlaw, SL; Liu, SM; Conwell, IM; Leibel, RL; Chua, SC Jr (2000). "Effects of leptin receptor mutation on Agrp gene expression in fed and fasted lean and obese (LA/N-faf) rats". Endocrinology. 141: 2465–71. doi:10.1210/endo.141.7.7580. PMID 10875247.
  47. Horlick, MB; Rosenbaum, M; Nicolson, M; Levine, LS; Fedun, B; Wang, J; Pierson, RN Jr; Leibel, RL (2000). "Effect of puberty on the relationship between circulating leptin and body composition". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85: 2509–18. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.7.6689. PMID 10902802.
  48. Rosenbaum, M; Hirsch, J; Murphy, E; Leibel, RL (2000). "Effects of changes in body weight on carbohydrate metabolism, catecholamine excretion, and thyroid function". Am J Clin Nutr. 71: 1421–32. doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1421. PMID 10837281.
  49. Wildman, HF; Chua, S Jr; Leibel, RL; Smith, GP (2000). "Effects of leptin and cholecystokinin in rats with a null mutation of the leptin receptor Lepr(fak)". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 278: R1518-23. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.6.R1518. PMID 10848519.
  50. Korner, J; Chua, SC Jr; Williams, JA; Leibel, RL; Wardlaw, SL (1999). "Regulation of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin by leptin in lean and obese rats". Neuroendocrinology. 70: 377–83. doi:10.1159/000054499. PMID 10657730.
  51. Wu-Peng, S; Rosenbaum, M; Nicolson, M; Chua, SC; Leibel, RL (1999). "Effects of exogenous gonadal steroids on leptin homeostasis in rats". Obes Res. 7: 586–92. doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00718.x. PMID 10574518.
  52. Rosenbaum, M; Leibel, RL (1999). "The role of leptin in human physiology". N Engl J Med. 341: 913–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199909163411211. PMID 10486426.
  53. Hufnagel, C; Eiden, S; Nuesslein-Hildesheim, B; Zhang, Y; Leibel, R; Schmidt, I (1999). "Mutation in the leptin receptor (Leprfa) causes fat-storage-independent hyperleptinaemia in neonatal rats". Pflugers Arch. 438: 570–2. doi:10.1007/s004249900084. PMID 10519153.
  54. Rosenbaum, M; Leibel, RL (1999). "Clinical review 107: Role of gonadal steroids in the sexual dimorphisms in body composition and circulating concentrations of leptin". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84: 1784–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.6.5787. PMID 10372664.
  55. Chagnon, YC; Chung, WK; Pérusse, L; Chagnon, M; Leibel, RL; Bouchard, C (1999). "Linkages and associations between the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene and human body composition in the Québec Family Study". Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 23: 278–86. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800809. PMID 10193873.
  56. Liu, SM; Leibel, RL; Chua, SC Jr (1998). "Partial duplication in the leprdb-Pas mutation is a result of unequal crossing over". Mamm Genome. 9: 780–1. doi:10.1007/s003359900865. PMID 9716669.
  57. Sivitz, WI; Walsh, S; Morgan, D; Donohoue, P; Haynes, W; Leibel, RL (1998). "Plasma leptin in diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic and normal rats". Metabolism. 47: 584–91. doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90244-x. PMID 9591751.
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  93. Bahary, N; Zorich, G; Pachter, JE; Leibel, RL; Friedman, JM (1991). "Molecular genetic linkage maps of mouse chromosomes 4 and 6". Genomics. 11: 33–47. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90099-z. PMID 1684952.
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  97. Friedman, JM; Leibel, RL (1992). "Tackling a weighty problem". Cell. 69: 217–20. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90402-x. PMID 1568242.
  98. Bahary, N; Pachter, JE; Felman, R; Leibel, RL; Albright, K; Cram, S; Friedman, JM (1992). "Molecular mapping of mouse chromosomes 4 and 6: use of a flow-sorted Robertsonian chromosome". Genomics. 13: 761–9. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90151-h. PMID 1639403.
  99. Chua, SC; Hennessey, K; Zeitler, P; Leibel, RL (1993). "The little (lit) mutation cosegregates with the growth hormone releasing factor receptor on mouse chromosome 6". Mamm Genome. 4: 555–9. doi:10.1007/bf00361384. PMID 8268652.
  100. Smoller, JW; Truett, GE; Hirsch, J; Leibel, RL (1993). "A molecular genetic method for genotyping fatty (fa/fa) rats". Am J Physiol. 264: R8-11. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.1.R8. PMID 8094275.
  101. Smoller, JW; Truett, GE; Hirsch, J; Leibel, RL (1993). "The Zucker fatty (fa) gene is not a mutation of corticotropin-releasing factor". Am J Physiol. 264: R12-5. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.1.R12. PMID 8430872.
  102. Bahary, N; Siegel, DA; Walsh, J; Zhang, Y; Leopold, L; Leibel, R; Proenca, R; Friedman, JM (1993). "Microdissection of proximal mouse chromosome 6: identification of RFLPs tightly linked to the ob mutation". Mamm Genome. 4: 511–5. doi:10.1007/bf00364786. PMID 7906968.
  103. Chua, SC Jr; Hansen, MH; Truett, GE; Leibel, RL (1993). "Utility of a C-jun microsatellite marker in determining gene dosage for fatty (fa)". Obes Res. 1: 475–80. doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1993.tb00030.x. PMID 16350322.
  104. Power, LM; Chua, SC Jr; Leibel, RL (1994). "Locus D1S21 contains exonic sequence from the C8 beta component of complement". Mamm Genome. 5: 125–6. doi:10.1007/bf00292344. PMID 8180476.
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  108. Kershaw, EE; Chua, SC Jr; Leibel, RL (1995). "Localization of a (CA)n repeat in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor gene (Glp1r) to proximal mouse chromosome 17 and its linkage to other markers". Mamm Genome. 6: 301–3. doi:10.1007/bf00352422. PMID 7613039.
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  113. Chung, WK; Power-Kehoe, L; Chua, M; Leibel, RL (May 1996). "Mapping of the OB receptor to 1p in a region of nonconserved gene order from mouse and rat to human". Genome Res. 6: 431–8. doi:10.1101/gr.6.5.431. PMID 8743992.
  114. Duggirala, R; Stern, MP; Mitchell, BD; Reinhart, LJ; Shipman, PA; Uresandi, OC; Chung, WK; Leibel, RL; Hales, CN; O'Connell, P; Blangero, J (1996). "Quantitative variation in obesity-related traits and insulin precursors linked to the OB gene region on human chromosome 7". Am J Hum Genet. 59: 694–703. PMC 1914918. PMID 8751871.
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  117. Kahle, EB; Butz, KG; Chua, SC; Kershaw, EE; Leibel, RL; Fenger, TW; Hansen, CT; Michaelis, OE (1997). "The rat corpulent (cp) mutation maps to the same interval on (Pgm1-Glut1) rat chromosome 5 as the fatty (fa) mutation". Obes Res. 5: 142–5. doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00654.x. PMID 9112249.
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  142. Kolata, Gina. "Liposuction Study Finds That Lost Fat Returns".
  143. Harris, Gardiner. "Study Sees Heart Risk in Meridia Diet Pill".
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