Rudolf Nadolny

Rudolf Nadolny (12 July 1873 – 18 May 1953) was a German diplomat and military officer. During the First World War he worked in a branch of the German General Staff, which experimented in biological warfare. He was the German Ambassador to Turkey (1924–1933) and the Soviet Union (1933–1934) and head of the German delegation at the World Disarmament Conference (1932–1933). He sought to pursue close relations between Germany and the Soviet Union. Nadolny left the diplomatic service in opposition to Hitler's policy towards the Soviets.

Rudolf Nadolny
Rudolf Nadolny in 1917
Born	(1873-07-12)12 July 1873 Groß Stürlack, East Prussia, German Empire
Died	18 May 1953(1953-05-18) (aged 79) Düsseldorf-Benrath, Germany
Occupation	Diplomat
Children	Burkard Nadolny

Biography

Nadolny was born in Groß Stürlack, East Prussia (modern Sterławki Wielkie, Poland) to Heinrich (1847–1944) and Agnes Nadolny née Trinker (1847–1910). His father's family had been landowners in East Prussia since the 14th century. His mother's ancestors were Protestant exiles from Salzburg.[1][2]

Nadolny passed his Abitur at the gymnasium (school) of Rastenburg in 1892 and studied law at the University of Königsberg. Nadolny joined the German diplomatic service in 1902 and was deployed in St. Petersburg in 1903 -1907 where he witnessed the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Russo-Japanese War. Nadolny was then sent to Persia, Bosnia and Albania.[1][3]

First World War

During the First World War Nadolny led the political section of the German General Staff the so-called ""Sektion Politik Berlin des Generalstabs". This group and Nadolny himself were responsible for acts of sabotage using explosives and biological warfare.[4][5] In 1915 Nadolny shipped anthrax and glanders (a horse disease that is also deadly to humans) cultures to the German embassy in Romania using them to target animals traded with the Russian Empire. The operation lasted till August 1916.[6][7] Bacteria used by Nadolny were prepared in Berlin, and from there Nadolny sent out the biological agents to Spain, United States, Argentina and Romania[8] It was Nadolny who sent the infamous Anton Dilger to the still neutral United States,[9] where Dilger engaged in one of the first acts of state sponsored bioterrorism during the 20th Century,[10][11][12]

In July 1916 he became the German chargé d'affaires in Persia, but returned to Germany in November 1917 to serve as the acting head of the Eastern department of the German Foreign Office. As such, Nadolny took part in the negotiations which led to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.[1]

Interwar era

After the end of the First World War, Nadolny was the Foreign Office's representative in the Office of the German President. From January 1920 he led the German legation in Stockholm and became German ambassador to Turkey in May 1924.[1] During the interwar era Nadolny wrote that out of mixing of German and "Slavic" blood a new species and race would be born, an "East-Elbian" race,[13] and attacked the Czech national leader Masaryk for criticizing "Prussian Spirit", claiming that Czechs are just relatives of Prussians.[14]

In November 1928, after the death of Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, the German ambassador in Moscow, Nadolny applied for this post but his efforts were vetoed by Gustav Stresemann, who appointed Herbert von Dirksen instead. From February 1932 to October 1933, Nadolny was the head of the German delegation at the World Disarmament Conference in Geneva. In the spring of 1932, when General Kurt von Schleicher brought down the government of Heinrich Brüning and had his friend Franz von Papen appointed Chancellor, Nadolny was of the three men interviewed by Scheicher as a possible foreign minister for the Papen government.[15] The other two men interviewed to be Foreign Minister were Baron Leopold von Hoesch, the German ambassador to France, and Baron Konstantin von Neurath, the German ambassador to Great Britain.[15] Ultimately, Neurath was chosen by Schleicher to be the foreign minister in the "Cabinet of the President's Friends" as the Papen government was known, and he never forgot that Nadolny was disappointed that he did not get the portfolio, which he wanted very badly.[15] Neurath stayed on as Foreign Minister, serving in the Papen, Schleicher and Hitler governments, lasting until 4 February 1938 when Hitler fired him. Nadolny became the German ambassador to the Soviet Union in October 1933. Neurath-who saw Nadolny as a rival-and knowing of Hitler's anti-Soviet inclinations and Nadolny's advocacy of better relations with the Soviet Union, gave him the Moscow appointment in order to ruin his career.[15] Nadolny's attempts to enhance German–Soviet relations on the basis of the Treaty of Rapallo (1922) were largely unsuccessful as this contradicted Hitler's policy. Nadolny believed in 1933 that it was feasible for Nazi Germany to annex Polish territories in Pomerania in exchange for promising the Poles Lithuanian Memel[16]

Nadolny argued against the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934 because of its influence on German–Soviet relations and urged "decent treatment" of Litvinov "even if he is Jewish".[17][18] In a conference with Hitler, Nadolny pointed out that in his view close ties with Russia were of essential interest, while Hitler rejected any compromise with Bolshevism. However, Nadolny admitted that a really friendly relationship with Russia was impossible.[19] The meeting, which was described as a "stormy one", ended with Hitler declaring the conversation finished while Nadolny answered that "the conversation had just begun".[20] On another occasion he addressed Hitler as "Herr Reichskanzler", as opposed to the common "Mein Führer", and refused to use the Nazi salute.[21] Nadolny resigned on 16 June 1934 and worked as an administrator of an estate. In World War II he served as a captain and later major at the Wehrmacht's High Command and on the staff of Admiral Canaris.[1]

Postwar

In 1945 Nadolny, without a compromising Nazi party affiliation, became president of the German Red Cross and was active in the "Society for German reunification" and the "German Unity Association". With the growing tensions between the Western Allies and the Soviets, Nadolny was sometimes seen as a Soviet agent and generally mistrusted.[1][21]

During the Blockade of Berlin in 1948–49, Nadolny moved to West Germany. He died in 1953 in Düsseldorf.[1][21]

Family

Nadolny married Änny Matthiessen (1882–1977) in 1905. Burkard Nadolny (1905–68) was their son and Sten Nadolny their grandson.[1]

References

1. "Biography" (in German). Neue Deutsche Biographie.
2. "Biography" (in German). Bundesarchiv.
3. Adams, Jefferson (2009). Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence. Rowman&Littlefield. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-8108-5543-4.
4. Biological Warfare D.B. Rao page 172
5. http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-7938131.html
6. Microbes:redefined Personality S.R. Joshi page 207
7. Susan D. Jones, Death in a Small Package: A Short History of Anthrax, page 137
9. Susan D. Jones, Death in a Small Package: A Short History of Anthrax
10. Shayne Cox Gad, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, State-sponsored bioterrorism, page 1577
11. Jeffrey Ryan, Jan Glarum, Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Containing and Preventing Biological Threats, page 9
12. Bioterror. Die gefährlichsten Waffen der Welt | Kurt Langbein, Christian Skalnik, Inge Smolek, Bert Ehgartner, Michaela Streimelweger, Doris Tschabitsche page 67
13. Rudolf Nadolny Stollberg, Germanisierung oder Slavisierung?: Eine Entgegnung auf Masaryks Buch Das neue Europa, 1928 -
14. Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, The Menace of the Herd, or, Procrustes at Large, page 232, 1943, reprinted 2007 Ludwik Mieses Institute
15. Watt, D.C. "Diplomacy and Diplomatists" pages 330-341 from The Origins of World War Two edited by Robert Boyce and Joseph Maiolo, London: Macmillan, 2003 page 336.
16. Collective security of isolation?: Soviet foreign policy and Poland, 1930-1935 Evropeiskiy Dom, page 34-35 "Rudolf Nadolny believed that "the assignment to Poland |of| a bank of Lithuanian territory leading up to Memel" was a "feasible solution"
17. Young, William (1994). German Diplomatic relations 1871–1945; The Wilhelmstrasse and the Formulation of Foreign Policy. pp. 199, 200. ISBN 978-0-595-40706-4.
18. Russia and Italy against Hitler: the Bolshevik-Fascist rapprochment of the 1930s Joseph Calvitt Clarke, Greenwood Press, 1991, page 46
19. Russia and Germany by Walter Ze'ev Laqueur, page 177
20. Craig, Gordon A.; Gilbert, Felix (1994). The diplomats, 1919–1939. Princeton University Press. p. 417. ISBN 0691036608.
21. "Die Lieb' zum Vaterland". Der Spiegel (in German). April 1951.

External links

• Newspaper clippings about Rudolf Nadolny in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff (- 1918)	German Ambassador to Turkey 1924–1933	Succeeded by Frederic von Rosenberg
Preceded by Herbert von Dirksen	German Ambassador to the Soviet Union 1933–1934	Succeeded by Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg