Rocket-powered aircraft

A rocket-powered aircraft or rocket plane is an aircraft that uses a rocket engine for propulsion, sometimes in addition to airbreathing jet engines. Rocket planes can achieve much higher speeds than similarly sized jet aircraft, but typically for at most a few minutes of powered operation, followed by a gliding flight. Unhindered by the need for oxygen from the atmosphere, they are suitable for very high-altitude flight. They are also capable of delivering much higher acceleration and shorter takeoffs.

Rocket-powered aircraft
Messerschmitt Me 163
Role Aircraft
First flight 1928
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Rockets have been used simply to assist the main propulsion in the form of jet assisted take off (JATO) also known as rocket assisted take off (RATO or RATOG). Not all rocket planes are of the conventional takeoff like "normal" aircraft. Some types have been air-launched from another plane, while other types have taken off vertically – nose in the air and tail to the ground ("tail-sitters").

Because of the heavy propellant use and the various practical difficulties of operating rockets, the majority of rocket planes have been built for experimental use, as interceptor fighters and space aircraft.

History

Rocket-powered flight was pioneered in Germany. The first aircraft to fly under rocket power was the Lippisch Ente, in 1928.[1] The Ente had previously been flown as a glider. The next year, in 1929, the Opel RAK.1 became the first purpose-built rocket plane to fly.

Another rocket flight was made on June 28th 1931 by italian aviator and inventor Ettore Cattaneo, who created the first privately-built rocket plane. It flew and landed without particular problems. Following his flight the king Victor Emmanuel III appointed Cattaneo "count of Taliedo", he is present in the Space Museum of Saint Petersburg and the Museum of Science and Tech of Milan as pioneer of rocket flight.[2][3]

World War II

The Heinkel He 176 was the world's first aircraft to be propelled solely by a liquid-propellant rocket engine, making its first powered flight on 20 June 1939 with Erich Warsitz at the controls.[4]

The first rocket plane ever to be mass-produced was the Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet interceptor in 1944, one of several German World War II attempts at rocket-powered aircraft.[5] The Bachem Ba 349 "Natter" vertical takeoff manned rocket interceptor aircraft flew in prototype form. Projects which never even reached the prototype stage include the Zeppelin Rammer, the Fliegende Panzerfaust and the Focke-Wulf Volksjäger.[6] It is the only type of rocket-powered fighter to see combat in history, and one of only two types of rocket-powered aircraft seeing any combat.

The Japanese also produced approximately 850 Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka rocket-powered suicide attack aircraft in World War II. Some were used at the Battle of Okinawa.

Other experimental aircraft included the Russian Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1 that flew in 1942 while the Northrop XP-79 was originally planned with rocket engines but switched to jet engines for its first and only flight in 1945. A rocket assisted P-51D Mustang was developed by North American Aviation that could attain 515 mph.[7][8] The engine ran on fumaric acid and aniline which was stored in two 75 gallon under wing drop tanks.[8] The plane was tested in flight in April 1945. The rocket engine could run for about a minute.[8]

Of much larger size, the Silbervogel antipodal bomber spaceplane was planned by the Germans late in World War II, however later calculations showed that it would not have worked, and would have been destroyed during reentry.[9]

Cold War era
The X-15's XLR99 rocket engine used ammonia and liquid oxygen.
The Lockheed NF-104A had rocket and air-breathing turbojet engines, shown here climbing with rocket power. The rocket used hydrogen peroxide and JP-4 jet fuel.

In 1946, the Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich I-270 was built partly using technology developed by Sergei Korolev in 1932 and 1943.[10][11]

In 1947 the rocket-powered Bell X-1 was the first aircraft to break the speed of sound in level flight and the first of a series of NACA/NASA rocket-powered aircraft.[12] The North American X-15 and X-15A2 designs were used for around a decade and eventually reached Mach 6.7 and over 100 km in altitude.[13]

In the 1950s the British developed mixed power designs to cover the performance gap that existed in then-current turbojet designs. The rocket was the main engine for delivering the speed and height required for high speed interception of high level bombers and the turbojet gave increased fuel economy in other parts of flight, most notably to make sure the aircraft was able to make a powered landing rather than risking an unpredictable gliding return. The Saunders-Roe SR.53 was a successful design and was due to be developed into production when economics forced curtailment of most British aircraft programmes in the late 1950s. The advancement of the turbojet engine output, the advent of missiles, and advances in radar had made a return to mixed power unnecessary.

The development of Soviet rockets and satellites was the driving force behind the development of NASA's space program. In the early 1960s, American research into the Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar spaceplane was cancelled due to lack of purpose; later the studies contributed to the Space Shuttle, which in turn motivated the Russian Buran. Another similar program was ISINGLASS which was to be a rocket plane launched from a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress carrier, which was intended to achieve Mach 22, but this was never funded. ISINGLASS was intended to overfly the USSR. No images of the vehicle configuration have been released.[14]

The Lunar Landing Research Vehicle was a mixed powered vehicle- a jet engine cancelled 5/6 of the force due to gravity, and the rocket power was able to simulate the Apollo lunar lander.[15]

Various versions of the Reaction Motors XLR11 rocket engine powered the X-1 and X-15, but also the Martin Marietta X-24A, Martin Marietta X-24B, Northrop HL-10, Northrop M2-F2, Northrop M2-F3, and the Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor, either has a primary or axillary engine.

The Martin Aircraft Company X-24 lifting body built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program

The Northrop HL-10, Northrop M2-F2 and Northrop M2-F3 were examples of a lifting body which are aircraft which have very little if any wing and simply obtain lift from the body of the vehicle. Another example is backslider rockets in amateur rocketry.

Post Cold War era

The EZ-Rocket research and test airplane was first flown in 2001.[16]

Another privately developed rocket-powered aircraft flew just two years later, in 2003. SpaceShipOne functions both as a rocket-powered aircraft—with wings and aerodynamic control surfaces—as well as a spaceplane—with RCS thrusters for control in the vacuum of space.

The Rocket Racing League has developed three rocket racer aircraft since 2001, after initially evaluating and testing the EZ-Rocket in 2001. None are currently in production however.

Planned rocket-powered aircraft
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See also

References
Notes
  1. "Lippisch Ente." The Internet Encyclopedia of Science: Experimental Aircraft. Retrieved: 26 September 2011.
  2. https://web.archive.org/web/20151122110454/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/ottobre/03/Cattaneo_pioniere_del_volo_incompreso_co_9_041003088.shtml
  3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zN3GtAaVdkA
  4. Warsitz, Lutz. The First Jet Pilot: The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz. London: Pen and Sword Books Ltd., 2009. ISBN 978-1-84415-818-8.
  5. "The Messerschmitt Me-163 Komet." Archived 2016-07-20 at the Wayback Machine plane-crazy.net. Retrieved: 26 September 2011.
  6. Fliegende Panzerfaust – Luft'46
  7. Larry Davis – DEVELOPING THE XP-86 Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
  8. Santiago – The Rocket-Boosted P-51 Mustang – Tuesday, December 28, 2010
  9. Parsons, Zach. My Tank is Fight. London: Citadel, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8065-2758-1.
  10. Bille and Lishock 2004, p. 9.
  11. 1943
  12. "Bell X-1." allstar.fiu.edu. Retrieved: 26 September 2011.
  13. "North American X-15 High-Speed Research Aircraft." Aerospaceweb.org, 24 November 2008.
  14. Day, Dwayne. "A bat outta Hell: the ISINGLASS Mach 22 follow-on to OXCART." The Space Review, 12 April 2010. Retrieved: 26 September 2011.
  15. Matranga, Gene J., C. Wayne Ottinger and Calvin R. Jarvis with C. Christian Gelzer. "Aerospace History #35 NASA SP-2004-4535: Unconventional, Contrary, and Ugly: The Lunar Landing Research Vehicle." NASA, 2005.
  16. Knapp, Alex (2014-06-18). "Bootstrapping To The Stars". Forbes. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
Bibliography
  • Bille, Matt and Erika Lishock. The First Space Race: Launching the World's First Satellites. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-1-58544-374-1.
  • Caidin, Martin. Wings into Space: The History and Future of Winged Space Flight. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., 1964.
  • Dornberger, Walter R. "The Rocket-Propelled Commercial Airliner". Dyna-Soar: Hypersonic Strategic Weapons System, Research Report No 135.. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota, Institute of Technology, 1956.
  • Geiger, Clarence J. History of the X-20A Dyna-Soar. Vol. 1: AFSC Historical Publications Series 63-50-I, Document ID ASD-TR-63-50-I. Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio: Aeronautical Systems Division Information Office, 1963.
  • Godwin, Robert, ed. Dyna-Soar: Hypersonic Strategic Weapons System. Burlington, ON: Apogee Books, 2003. ISBN 1-896522-95-5.
  • Yenne, Bill. The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft. London: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 978-5-551-26650-1.
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