Rich black

Rich black, in printing, is an ink mixture of solid black over one or more of the other CMYK colors,[1] resulting in a darker tone than black ink alone generates in a printing process.[2][3]

Rich black (typical)
 
    Color coordinates
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)(50, 50, 50, 100)
SourceHodges[1]
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Cool black
 
    Color coordinates
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)(70, 35, 40, 100)
SourceHodges[1]
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Warm black
 
    Color coordinates
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)(35, 60, 60, 100)
SourceHodges[1]
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Registration black
 
    Color coordinates
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)(100, 100, 100, 100)
SourceHodges[1]
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Rich black (FOGRA39)
 
    Color coordinates
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)(91, 79, 62, 97)
SourceFOGRA39
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Rich black (FOGRA29)
 
    Color coordinates
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)(96, 70, 46, 86)
SourceFOGRA29
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
This article is about the ink mixture created by combining black and some other color. For wealthy individuals with some degree of black African ancestry, see black billionaires. For people with the surname Black, see Richard Black (disambiguation).

A typical rich black mixture might be 100% black, 50% of each of the other three inks. Other percentages are used to achieve specific results, for example 100% black with 70% cyan (C), 35% magenta (M), and 40% yellow (Y) is used to achieve "cool" black. "Warm Black" is 35%C, 60%M, 60%Y, and 100%K. The colored ink under the black ink makes a "richer" result; the additional inks absorb more light, resulting in a closer approximation of true black. While, in theory, an even richer black can be made by using 100% of each of the four inks, in practice, the amount of non-black ink added is limited by the wetness that the paper and printing process can handle.[4] (A safe and practical rule of thumb is that ink coverage should not exceed 240% on normal papers. Papers that "pick", such as low-end recycled papers, should have even less coverage.) Wetness is not a problem with laser printers, however, and registration black (or "400% black") produces very striking results in laser prints. Interesting effects can also be achieved with a laser printer by combining 100% black and 100% of cyan, magenta, or yellow.[5]

Other printing standards also provide rich black guidelines, such as FOGRA39 for coated paper (91%C, 79%M, 62%Y, and 97%K), and FOGRA29 for uncoated paper (96%C, 70%M, 46%Y, and 86%K).[6]

Rich black is often regarded as a color that is "blacker than black". While this is impossible from the point of view of color theory, the difference can often be seen in the printed piece. The difference is most apparent in backlit (also known as "translite") pieces, where rich black more thoroughly blocks the light from coming through.

The use of rich black has to be based on a full understanding of the printing conditions, including the inks, printing press and especially the paper. If too much ink is used on poor quality paper such as newsprint, this may cause the paper to literally fall apart. In addition, excessive amounts of ink may not have a chance to fully dry before the printed result comes into contact with other pages. The additional ink used to create rich black also results in higher printing costs.[7]

Care must be taken when using electronic design programs (e.g. when managing a CMYK document in Adobe Illustrator or Corel Draw) – "black" may or may not equal 100%K depending on the CMYK profile specified in the image's settings, and Photoshop will represent the various tones using RGB values close to black; in an RGB document, "black" always equals RGB value (0, 0, 0).[7]

Another reason to use rich black for small areas of black is to avoid trapping issues. Rich black is often used for text printed over a picture or colored background, because otherwise any slight mis-registration between printing plates would produce a white or colored halo around the text, making it much harder to read.[2][7][8]

References
  1. R. S. Hodges (2003). The Guild Handbook of Scientific Illustration. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-36011-2.
  2. Koopman, Harry Lyman (2007). The Booklover and His Books. p. 6.
  3. Obermeier, Barbara; Chan, Ron (2006). How to Wow with Illustrator. Peachpit Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780132705080.
  4. Johansson, Kaj; Lundberg, Peter; Ryberg, Robert (2012). A Guide to Graphic Print Production. John Wiley & Sons. p. 332. ISBN 9781118184875.
  5. Batchelor, Bruce; Whelan, Paul (2012). Intelligent Vision Systems for Industry. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 12. ISBN 9781447104315.
  6. "FOGRA39". Fogra Forschungsgesellschaft Druck e.V. December 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  7. Gatter, Mark (2010). Production for Print. Laurence King Publishing. p. 160. ISBN 9781856696999.
  8. Downs, Simon (2005). "Is it a book, is it a screen, no it's…—graphics and the interface in electronic paper". Digital Creativity. 16 (1): 31–32. doi:10.1080/14626260500147751.
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