Rhodes Chroma

The ARP Chroma is a polyphonic, multitimbral, microprocessor controlled, subtractive synthesis analog synthesizer developed in 1979-1980[1] by ARP Instruments, Inc. just before the company's bankruptcy and collapse in 1981.[2]

Rhodes Chroma with Expander
ManufacturerCBS Musical Instruments, Rhodes Division. Designed by ARP Instruments, Inc.
Dates1982-1984
PriceUS$5295, Expander: US$3150
Technical specifications
Polyphonypolyphonic 8 or 16
Timbralitymultitimbral 2 (8 max under computer or MIDI control)
Oscillator16 (1 or 2 per voice) VCO
LFO16 (1 or 2 per voice) digitally generated - sine, cosine, offset sine, half sine, saw, square, lag square, 2 x triangles, random and 6 x patterns
Synthesis typeAnalog Subtractive
Filterdigitally controlled (1 or 2 per voice) * 8 x 24dB/oct low-, high-, band-pass or notch. * 16 x 12dB/oct low- or high-pass.
Attenuator32 (2 or 4 per voice) digitally generated ADR envelopes, 16 with delay
Aftertouch expressionYes (optional - Polyphonic)
Velocity expressionYes
Storage memory50 programs
Input/output
Keyboard64 levered weighted keys, velocity sensitive, optional pressure sensitive
Left-hand control2 levers with programmable function
External controlApple II interface or MIDI Retrofit Kit

The design was purchased by CBS Musical Instruments and put into production by their Rhodes Division in 1982 as the Rhodes Chroma at a list price of US $5295.[3] They also released a keyboard-less version of the Chroma called the Chroma Expander at a list price of US $3150.[3]

The Chroma was one of the early microprocessor-controlled analog synthesizers. It was designed before MIDI and featured a 25-pin D-sub connector computer interface used to slave the Expander to the Chroma. Also, an Apple IIe interface card and sequencing software was available.[4][5]

The Rhodes Chroma and Expander were discontinued in 1984.[6] Somewhere between 1400 and 3000 Chromas and Expanders were built.[7]

Keyboard Velocity and Pressure

The Chroma has a velocity-sensitive keyboard consisting of 64 weighted, levered wooden keys that resemble piano keys.

Every Chroma has software and interface hardware for an optional polyphonic pressure-sensitive keyboard sensor. But few units have the original factory pressure sensor installed. In 2009,[8] a pressure sensor retrofit kit was produced by a third party.[9] At the time of writing (2015) the kit may still be available.

Polyphony

The Chroma has sixteen synthesizer "channels" each consisting of one oscillator, waveshaper, filter and amplifier. Sound programs can use one channel per voice to produce sixteen voice polyphony. However, most sound programs use two channels per voice which delivers a fatter sound, but reduces the polyphony to eight voices.

Architecture

The Chroma's sixteen synthesizer channels consist of one Voltage Controlled Oscillator, Waveshaper, Filter, and Amplifier under software control via multiplexed analog voltage control channels. The channels are grouped into eight pairs. One channel in each pair is labelled "A" and the other "B".

Although the oscillators, filters and amplifiers themselves are voltage controlled, the overall control of the synthesizer channels is entirely in software. The embedded computer generates thirty-two ADSR envelopes (two per channel, one with delay) and sixteen LFO sweep signals in software. Signals from the levers, pedals, control panel or the keyboard are all encoded digitally, processed by the computer, and sent to the synthesizer channels on the voice cards via several multiplexed analog control lines and a number of digital control registers.

Sound programs can use one channel per voice to produce sixteen-voice polyphony. However, more synthesizer power is available when channels are paired together. This yields two oscillators, two waveshapers, two filters, two amplifiers, two glides, two LFO sweeps, and four ADR envelopes, in addition to the performance controls.

Modular Configuration

The Chroma uses an Electronically Reconfigurable System which allows the VCOs, VCFs and VCAs to be reconfigured, or "patched" like modular synthesizers, but without the patch cords. Instead, the Chroma digitally stores all of the parameters which determine a sound. Sound programs can also be saved to and loaded from cassette. [10]

On page 4 of the Rhodes Chroma Programming Manual, they boast "The Chroma has better patching capabilities than most modular systems, and it's fully programmable." In fact, the Chroma is often compared to modular synthesizers like the ARP 2600.[11][12]

A Chroma sound program can be composed of two oscillators, filters and amplifiers in one of fifteen different configurations.[13] Each configuration connects (or patches) the oscillators, filters and amplifiers together in different ways to provide for a wide variety of possible sounds. For example, filters can be arranged in series for 4 pole or band-pass response, or in parallel for notch filtering. In addition, some configurations feature oscillator synchronization, filter frequency modulation or ring modulation.

When editing a sound program, the configuration is selected via parameter [1] "Patch". The values range from 0 through 15.

Four examples of Rhodes Chroma parameter [1] "Patch" configurations, from left to right: value = 9 - Series Filter Mode, value = 6 - Parallel Filter Mode with oscillator synchronization, value = 4 - Independent Channel Mode with filter frequency modulation, value = 15 - Variable Mix Filter Mode with ring modulation.

Control Panel

The Chroma control panel consists of 71 membrane switches. Most of them are multi-purpose and are used to select sound programs or sound program parameters, when in edit mode. A single slider is used to change parameter values.

Competing synthesizer designs of the time, like the Oberheim OB-8, had dozens of knobs and mechanical switches (as opposed to membrane switches) on their control panels. The Chroma's economical approach to control panel design was copied by many later synthesizers like the Yamaha DX-7.

A unique feature of the Chroma is that, when you operate a membrane switch, a "tapper" bumps the underside of the control panel, so as to mimic the tactile feedback of operating a conventional mechanical switch. This is an early example of haptic feedback technology.

Power Supply
Rhodes Chroma power supply

Perhaps the worst feature of the ARP/Rhodes Chroma is the factory original power supply. It runs very hot, it is unreliable and it is very heavy.

In 2008,[8] a third party designed and produced a digital switching power supply replacement kit.[14] for the Chroma and Expander. At the time of writing (2015) the kit may still be available.

CPU

The main microprocessor in the Chroma and Expander is a 68B09, and it has a computer interface consisting of a 25-pin D-sub connector. The factory original Chroma CPU board has 2 AA batteries to preserve memory while the power is off. Many Chroma CPU boards have been damaged from battery leakage.

In 2006,[8] a third party designed and produced a Chroma CPU board replacement kit known as the CC+.[15] The CC+ is available with optional native MIDI support.

External Control and MIDI

The Chroma was designed and released before the introduction of MIDI. The Chroma's main microprocessor was a 68B09 with a computer interface consisting of a 25-pin D-sub connector. An Apple IIe interface card (used to connect to the Chroma's D-sub connector) and sequencing software was released by ARP and Fender Rhodes.[4][5]

Multiple third parties came out with Chroma-to-MIDI converter boxes.[16] They use the 25-pin D-sub connector to interface with the Chroma.

In 2006,[8] a third party designed and produced a Chroma CPU board replacement kit known as the CC+.[15] The CC+ is available with optional native MIDI support. At the time of writing (2015), the kit may still be available.

Accessories

The Chroma came with the usual complement of accessories plus some unique extras. In addition to a single footswitch (dedicated to program changes) and a programmable variable (volume type) foot pedal, the Chroma came with a unique Dual Footswitch Assembly. The dual footswitch is a rugged, heavy, solid piece of hardware that mimics a pair of standard piano foot pedals with programmable functions including sostenuto.

The Chroma also came with a custom designed, heavily padded, ATA Anvil (R) case with a pedal compartment. The rumor was that early units shipped without a case were damaged in shipping because the Chroma is so heavy and fragile (a fair criticism). In any case, the Chroma and Expander included a road case.

Chroma Expander
Chroma Expander
Rhodes Chroma with Expander


Fender also released a keyboard-less version of the Chroma called the Chroma Expander. Like the Chroma, the main microprocessor in the Expander is a 68B09 with a computer interface consisting of a 25-pin D-sub connector. The Expander can be slaved to the Chroma via the 25-pin D-sub connector. Third party Chroma-to-MIDI converter boxes produced for the Chroma also work for the Expander.

rhodeschroma.com

In 1999, Chris Ryan created rhodeschroma.com as a resource for the Rhodes Chroma.[17] Site Resources include: a history (including a price history), reviews, a discography, virtually all of the manuals online, technical information, patches, upgrades, a user group, a serial number registry of known Chromas and Expanders and the ChromaTalk Mailing List.

Over the years rhodeschroma.com has attracted numerous Chroma-loving artists and technicians. Chroma upgrades for the power supply,[14] CPU board[15] and a keyboard pressure sensor retrofit kit[9] have been produced by and for the rhodeschroma.com community.

At the time of writing (2015), Chris Ryan continues to administer rhodeschroma.com, and the site is still going strong and growing.

gollark: This is the inevitable result of making spreadsheets public.
gollark: I support the PPPSJEP's goals!
gollark: `404 not found`
gollark: Wow, TJ09 really broke something now!
gollark: But then how will they punish people arbitrarily for "breaking the rules"?

References
  1. "This section provides information on all of the MIDI kits that are - or have been - available for the Chroma". Conceptually, the Chroma began in the fall of '79. It started into serious development in the latter part of '79 and 1980.
  2. "The Rise and Fall of ARP Instruments". rhodeschroma.com.
  3. "Retail Prices". Price History - rhodeschroma.com.
  4. "This section contains the entire Chroma Interface Manual (1986)". Interface Manual - rhodeschroma.com.
  5. "This is an excerpt (Appendix O) from the Sequencer Manual related to the Apple II interface card". Hardware Description and Specifications - rhodeschroma.com.
  6. "...after the Chroma was discontinued (in 1984)". Chroma Cult - rhodeschroma.com.
  7. "...assuming that there were no gaps, approximately 1400 instruments were produced in all. ...This is still nowhere near the 3000 that Philip Dodds claimed in the Mark Vail Keyboard interview". Instrument Registry - Index of Known Instruments - rhodeschroma.com.
  8. "Site News". rhodeschroma.com.
  9. "Pressure Sensor Retrofit Kit". rhodeschroma.com.
  10. Fay, Norman (October 1995). "Its 'variable architecture' lets you assign the oscillators, filters, and amplifiers in different ways, making it almost as versatile (and confusing for the unwary) as a small, modular system". Sound on Sound - Rhodes Chroma. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  11. "Dont be fooled by the Rhodes badge - its more a poly arp 2600". Rhodes Chroma - Vintage Synth Explorer. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  12. "I use a prophet 5 here also and the chroma certainly cant clone it but sits next to it well.A multitimbral arp 2600 ? on some level yes . . . it has a certain arp quality for sure . . .super floaty machine". Rhodes-ARP Chroma User reviews -Page 1 - Sonic State. 2010r. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  13. "Panel Parameter Descriptions, Control Parameters, Patch [1]". Programming Manual: - rhodeschroma.com.
  14. "Switching Power Supply Unit Replacement Kit". rhodeschroma.com.
  15. "The Chroma CPU Plus (CC+)". rhodeschroma.com.
  16. "This section provides information on all of the MIDI kits that are - or have been - available for the Chroma". MIDI Retrofits - rhodeschroma.com.
  17. "Resources for the Vintage Analog Synthesizer ยท Over 300 pages of historical and technical information compiled, written and edited by Chris Ryan... Since 1999". rhodeschroma.com.
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