AA battery

The AA battery, also called a double A, penlite or Mignon (French for "cute" or "adorable") battery, is a standard size single cell cylindrical dry battery. The IEC 60086 system calls it size R6, and ANSIC18 calls it size 15.[1] It is named UM-3 by JIS of Japan.[2] Historically, it is known as D14 (standard cell) or HP7 (for zinc chloride 'high power' version) in official documentation in the United Kingdom.

This article is about the type of electric cell. For the military weapon, see anti-aircraft warfare.
AA cells

AA batteries are common in portable electronic devices. An AA battery is composed of a single electrochemical cell that may be either a primary battery (disposable) or a rechargeable battery. Several different chemistries are used for their construction. The exact terminal voltage, capacity and practical discharge rates depend on cell chemistry; however, devices designed for AA cells will usually only take 1.2-1.5 V unless specified by the manufacturer.

Introduced in 1907 by The American Ever Ready Company,[3] the AA battery size was standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1947, but it had been in use in flashlights and electrical novelties before formal standardization. ANSI and IEC Battery nomenclature gives several designations for cells in this size, depending on cell features and chemistry. Due to their popularity in small flashlights, they are often called "penlight batteries".

Dimensions
D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA cells, and a 9-volt battery

An AA cell measures 49.2–50.5 mm (1.94–1.99 in) in length, including the button terminal—and 13.5–14.5 mm (0.53–0.57 in) in diameter. The positive terminal button should be a minimum 1 mm high and a maximum 5.5 mm in diameter, the flat negative terminal should be a minimum diameter of 7 mm.[1] 14500 Lithium Batteries are longer if they feature a protection circuit up to 53 mm.

Alkaline AA cells have a weight of roughly 23 g (0.81 oz),[4] lithium AA cells around 15 g (0.53 oz),[5] and rechargeable Ni-MH cells around 31 g (1.1 oz).[6]

Chemistry and capacity

Primary cells

Primary (non-rechargeable) zinc–carbon (dry cell) AA batteries have around 400–900 milliampere hours capacity, with measured capacity highly dependent on test conditions, duty cycle, and cut-off voltage. Zinc–carbon batteries are usually marketed as "general purpose" batteries. Zinc-chloride batteries store around 1000 to 1500 mAh are often sold as "heavy duty" or "super heavy duty". Alkaline batteries from 1700 mAh to 2850 mAh cost more than zinc-chloride batteries, but hold additional charge.

Non-rechargeable lithium iron disulfide batteries are manufactured for devices that draw more current, such as digital cameras, where their high cost is offset by longer running time between battery changes and more constant voltage during discharge. The capacity of alkaline batteries is greatly reduced as the discharge current increases, however the capacity of a Li-FeS2 battery is not affected by high discharge currents nearly as much as alkaline batteries. Another advantage of lithium disulfide batteries compared to alkaline batteries is that they are less prone to leak. This is particularly important in expensive equipment, where a leaking alkaline battery can damage the equipment due to the corrosive electrolyte coming into contact with sensitive electronics. Lithium iron disulfide batteries are intended for use in equipment compatible with alkaline zinc batteries. Lithium-iron disulfide batteries can have an open-circuit voltage as high as 1.8 volts but the closed-circuit voltage decreases, making this chemistry compatible with equipment intended for zinc-based batteries. A fresh alkaline zinc battery can have an open-circuit voltage of 1.6 volts, but an Lithium iron-disulfide battery with an open-circuit voltage below 1.7 volts is entirely discharged.[7]

Rechargeable cells
A solar-powered charger for rechargeable AA batteries
Panasonic Eneloop 1.2 volt NiMH rechargeable batteries in AA and AAA

Rechargeable batteries in the AA size are available in multiple chemistries: nickel–cadmium (NiCd) with a capacity of roughly 600–1000 mAh,[8] nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) in various capacities of 600–2750 mAh[9][10] and lithium-ion. Lithium ion chemistry has a nominal voltage of 3.6–3.7 volts, and are referred to as 14500 Li-ion batteries rather than AA.

NiMH and Lithium Ion AA/14500 cells can supply most of their capacity even when under a high current drain (0.5A and higher), unlike Alkaline and Zinc-chloride("Heavy Duty"/"Super Heavy Duty") cells which drop to a small fraction of their low current capacity before even reaching 1 C.[11][12][13][14]

A variant of the 14500 Li-ion batteries, sold by the Chinese company Kentli as "Kentli PH5" since 2014, comes with an internal buck converter at the positive electrode to downstep the output voltage from the normal 3.7 V to a very consistent (compared to alkaline, NiCd, or even NiMH cells) 1.5 V AA standard voltage.[15] It exposes the normal 3.7 V Li-ion electrode in a ring around the AA electrode for charging. Its more regular voltage provides better drop-in compatibility for alkaline AA devices, and its lithium-ion chemistry provides a lower self-discharge at 3% per month.[16] It holds a mediocre capacity of 1600 mAh (1.5 V) at 50 mA drain, limited by the low efficiency of the step-down converter.[17]

Nickel-zinc cell (NiZn) AAs are also available, but not widely used.

Comparison
Chemistry IEC name ANSI/NEDA name Nominal voltage (V) Capacity under 50 mA constant drain (mAh) Max. energy at nominal voltage and 50 mA drain (Wh) Rechargeable
Zinc–carbon R6 15D 1.50 400–1700 2.55 No
Alkaline LR6 15A 1.50 1800–2850[18] 3.90 Some
Li-FeS2 FR6 15LF 1.50 2700-3400 5.10 No
Li-ion ??R15/50 14500 3.60–3.70 600-840 (1600 mAh at 1.5V) 2.88-2.96 Yes
NiCd KR6 15K 1.20 600-1,000 1.20 Yes
NiMH HR6 15H 1.20 600–2,750 3.42 Yes
NiZn ZR6 ? 1.60-1.65 1500-1800 2.97 Yes

Use

In 2011, AA cells accounted for approximately 60% of alkaline battery sales in the United States. In Japan, 58% of alkaline batteries sold were AA, known in that country as tansan (単三). In Switzerland, AA batteries totaled 55% in both primary and secondary (rechargeable) battery sales.[19][20][21]

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See also

References
  1. Classic (LR6) datasheet from energizer.com
  2. "What are UM3 Batteries?". Ask Media Group, LLC. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  3. "About Eveready®". Eveready. Archived from the original on May 9, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  4. "Energizer Alkaline AA Battery Specification" (PDF). Product Datasheet. Energizer. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  5. "Energizer Lithium AA Battery Specification" (PDF). Energizer. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  6. "Energizer NiMH AA Battery Specification" (PDF). Energizer. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  7. Lithium Iron Disulfide Handbook and Application Manual, Version LI4.04, Energizer Battery Manufacturing Inc.
  8. Bergveld, H; Kruijt, W; Notten, P (February 1999). "Electronic-network modelling of rechargeable NiCd cells and its application to the design of battery management systems". Journal of Power Sources. 72 (2): 143–158. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00188-8.
  9. "Panasonic NI-MH Handbook" (PDF). Panasonic Industrial. pp. 22–55. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  10. "2018 Panasonic Catalog" (PDF). Panasonic Batteries. pp. 32–43, 60–62. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  11. "Test of Eneloop AA HR-3UTGB 1900mAh (White)". lygte-info.dk. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  12. "Test of Keeppower 14500 840mAh (Black) 2014". lygte-info.dk. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  13. "Test of Duracell Ultra Power AA". lygte-info.dk. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  14. "Test of Panasonic Super Heavy Duty AA CAN". lygte-info.dk. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  15. Jason Gin. "Teardown of Kentli PH5 1.5 V Li-Ion AA battery". Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  16. Jason Gin (2 May 2018). "Completed: Self-discharge test of Kentli PH5 1.5V Li-ion AA (Part 6)". Rip It Apart - Jason's electronics blog-thingy.
  17. Gin, Jason (17 June 2015). "Performance analysis/review of Kentli PH5 Li-ion 1.5V AA battery". Rip It Apart - Jason's electronics blog-thingy.
  18. .
  19. Absatzzahlen 2008 INOBAT 2008 statistics.
  20. "Wayback Machine" (PDF). 3 March 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.
  21. "BAJ Website - Monthly battery sales statistics". www.baj.or.jp.
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