Reduction of Lagos

The Reduction of Lagos or Bombardment of Lagos involved the British Royal Navy's attacks on Lagos in the fourth quarter of 1851 under the pretext of abolishing the Atlantic slave trade. Many intersecting interests including British empire building, British missionary motivations, British mercantile motivations, a deposed monarch's motivations (Akitoye), and Saro recaptive motivations, provided Whitehall with the necessary impetus for military action against the sovereign of Lagos, Oba Kosoko.

Background

Royal Navy's early 19th century anti-slavery measures

In Britain's early 19th century fight against the Atlantic slave trade, its West Africa Squadron or Preventative Squadron as it was also known, continued to pursue Portuguese, American, French, and Cuban slave ships and to impose anti-slavery treaties with West African coastal chiefs with so much doggedness that they created a strong presence along the West African coast from Sierra Leone all the way to the Niger Delta (today's Nigeria) and as far south as Congo.[1]

In 1849, Britain appointed John Beecroft Consul of the Bights of Benin and Biafra, a position he held (along with his governorship of Fernando Po) until his death in 1854.[2] John Duncan was appointed Vice Consul and was located at Wydah.[3] At the time of Beecroft's appointment, the Kingdom of Lagos (under Oba Kosoko) was in the western part of the Consulate of the Bights of Benin and Biafra and was a key slave trading port.

Akitoye vs. Kosoko rivalry

Oba Kosoko ousted Oba Akitoye from the Lagos throne in 1845 and the now exiled Akitoye recognized the need for British military alliance (and the requirement to give up the slave trade) as a necessary condition for taking back the throne. In December 1850, Akitoye appealed for British aid reminding the British about a similar plea he made back in 1846 promising to embrace legitimate trade if assistance were provided to put him back on the throne.[4]

British missionary and Saro appeals for intervention

British missionaries sought the outright abolition of the slave trade because it would ease their evangelical work and would result in legitimate commerces. Similarly many of the liberated Saros (many of whom were Christians) now present in Lagos and Abeokuta were in a precarious situation of being persecuted. Thus Henry Venn presented arguments for British intervention to Lord Palmerston, who in turn commissioned Beecroft to make an assessment.

By August 1851, Henry Venn executed a powerful public relations coup by deploying Samuel Ajayi Crowther, (who had been liberated by the British Navy, resettled in Sierra Leone, and was now a missionary himself) to argue the case for British intervention in Lagos before Queen Victoria, Lord Parlmerston, and the Lords of the Admiralty.[5] Bishop Crowther argued that if Lagos were placed under Akitoye and allied with England, British commercial interests would be guaranteed. Crowther's arguments were positively received by the Admiralty and Palmerston.

Last minute diplomacy

On November 20, 1851 a British party consisting of Consul Beecroft, Commander Wilmot, Commander Gardner, and Lieutenant Patey arrived at the Oba Kosoko's palace in an attempt to seek a British/Lagos friendship dependent on Kosoko's renunciation of the slave trade.[6] Kosoko, through Oshodi Tapa, rejected the friendship offer and the British delegation departed the Oba's palace. Beecroft then wrote Commander Forbes, the senior officer or the Bights division that it was time for the British Royal Navy to expel Kosoko and install Akitoye, the "rightful heir".[6]

British naval action

There were actually two naval actions; one in November 1851 and the second in December 1851.

Battle of November 25, 1851

The first attack on November 25, 1851 was hastily organized and led by Commander Forbes who underestimated Oba Kosoko's defenses of about 5,000 men armed with muskets. Forbes' attack party consisted of 306 officers, men, marines and sailors aboard HMS Bloodhound along with 21 boats. Although Bloodhound sustained heavy cannon fire from the shore, a landing party went ashore but met very stiff resistance. By nightfall, the British had sustained two casualties and ten injuries and Commander Forbes ordered a retreat.[7]

Battle of December 26, 1851

British Men o' War Attacked by the King of Lagos

The battle of December 26, 1851 was termed by Lagosians Ogun Ahoyaya/Ogun Agidingbi (translated, "The Boiling Battle"). Captain Jones led the attack party consisting HMS Bloodhound, HMS Teaser, a flotilla of boats including The Victoria and The Harlequien equipped with overwhelming fighting power engaged Kosoko in a battle lasting three days. Kosoko put up a very stiff resistance however the Royal Navy's superior firepower won the day. Kosoko and his leading chiefs fled Lagos for Epe on December 28, 1851. According to Samuel Davies, a Saro and younger brother of JPL Davies who participated on the British side aboard HMS Bloodhound, Kosoko would have inflicted great losses on the Royal Navy had he not relied solely on static defenses but had deployed his war canoes with their swivel guns.[7] The British sustained 15 casualties and 75 wounded men. A young JPL Davies was among the wounded.[8]

Akitoye was taken ashore on December 29 to assess the bombarded town and accepted the loyalty of the chiefs to his installation as Oba of Lagos. On December 30, the Royal Navy dismantled all Kosoko's batteries and dumped 46 of his war guns at sea.[7]

Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos and intervention implications

With Akitoye installed as Oba a new Treaty between Lagos and Great Britain was signed on January 1, 1852 abolishing the slave trade and ushering what some historians refer to as the Consular period in Lagos history. This Consular period set the stage for Britain's annexation of Lagos a decade later in August 1861.

References

1. Smith, Robert (January 1979). The Lagos Consulate 1851-1861. University of California Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780520037465.
2. Howard Temperley, ‘Beecroft, John (1790–1854)’, rev. Elizabeth Baigent, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
3. "Duncan, John (1805-1849)". Wikisource. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 16. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
4. Kopytoff, Jean Herskovits. A preface to modern Nigeria: the "Sierra Leonians" in Yoruba, 1830-1890. University of Wisconsin Press, 1965. pp. 73–74.
5. Kopytoff, Jean Herskovits. A preface to modern Nigeria: the "Sierra Leonians" in Yoruba, 1830-1890. University of Wisconsin Press, 1965. pp. 77–78.
6. Smith, Robert (January 1979). The Lagos Consulate 1851-1861. University of California Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780520037465.
7. Smith, Robert (January 1979). The Lagos Consulate 1851-1861. University of California Press. pp. 26–31. ISBN 9780520037465.
8. Elebute, Adeyemo (2013). The Life of James Pinson Labulo Davies: A Colossus of Victorian Lagos. Kachifo Limited/Prestige. p. 9. ISBN 9789785205763.