Redistricting in Pennsylvania

Redistricting in Pennsylvania refers to the decennial process of redrawing state and federal congressional districts in Pennsylvania.

United States congressional redistricting

2001–2011

Before the 2000 election, the Pennsylvania House of Representatives was evenly split with 100 members from the Republican and Democratic parties and 3 vacancies. After the 2000 election, Republican elected 104 Republican house seats and 99 Democratic seats. Republicans also maintained control Pennsylvania State Senate, maintaining 30 Republican seats and 20 Democratic seats. Republicans also controlled the Pennsylvania Governorship. This would ensure the 2000 census redistricting process was led by the Republican-controlled Pennsylvania General Assembly. Following the 2000 census, Pennsylvania Republicans would have full state control of the redistricting process.

Pennsylvania Senate Bill 1200 was introduced by Republican State Senators Brightbill and Lemmond on November 16, 2001. On December 10, 2001, the Senate considered amendments to Senate Bill 1200. A Republican amendment was ultimately agreed to. The version of Senate Bill 1200 that eventually passed the Senate contained a population deviation of twenty-four persons. After an amendment by the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, that chamber passed Senate Bill 1200 on December 12, 2001. The version of Senate Bill 1200 that passed the House had a total population deviation of nineteen persons. It also maintained two minority-majority districts in the Philadelphia area, created one open seat in the southeastern part of the Commonwealth and paired two Democratic incumbents in the same district. One Democratic incumbent was paired against one Republican incumbent. The Senate refused to concur in the amendments to Senate Bill 1200 offered by the House of Representatives. A Conference Committee was appointed and a plan was eventually devised that contained a nineteen-person deviation. This Conference Committee Report on Senate Bill 1200 was passed by the Senate on January 3, 2002 and by the House of Representatives later the same day. It was signed into law by Governor Mark Schweiker on January 7, 2002.[1]

Vieth v. Jubelirer

In Vieth v. Jubelirer, a United States Supreme Court case challenging the constitutionality of the 2000 redistricting process, the Supreme Court was unable to agree upon a legal standard for judging when partisan gerrymandering violated the United States Constitution.[2]

Effects

After the 2000 elections, Pennsylvania Republicans held a slim 11 to 10 congressional seat majority over the Democrats. In the 2002 Pennsylvania House of Representatives elections:

This would be maintained until the 2006 Democratic wave election, when Democrats won 11 of the 19 elections for the United States House or Representatives.

2011–2021

Congressional districts drawn in 2011

In the 2010 Pennsylvania elections, Republicans won a landslide victory, with Tom Corbett winning the 2010 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, recapturing the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, and regained their majority in House of Representatives in Pennsylvania, winning 12 seats to the Democrat's 7 seats. Following the 2010 census, Pennsylvania Republicans would have full state control of the redistricting process for the second decade in a row.

On September 14, 2011, Republican senate leadership introduced a congressional redistricting bill which contained neither a map nor description of proposed congressional district lines.[3][4] The proposed lines were added in the senate State Government Committee on December 13, 2011. The committee approved the bill 6-5 along party lines. Breaking with his party, Republican Sen. Mike Folmer opposed the Republican bill, saying "all you have to do is look at (the map)" to see it appeared to be specifically drawn to dilute Democratic votes and was the perfect example of why redistricting reform is needed. Barry Kauffman, lobbyist for Common Cause of Pennsylvania, agreed with Folmer, saying the plan "is a clear-cut case of politicians picking their voters in order to prevent voters from having a meaningful opportunity to pick their elected officials."[5]

On December 14, 2011, the bill returned to the senate, which passed it the following day.[6][3][4] Prior to senate passage, senate Democrats proposed an amendment to use a different map. Advocating for the change, Democratic Senator Vincent Hughes argued that under both plans, the Democrats could only count on four districts, but the Republicans would go from 12 safe districts to eight. In the Republican plan two districts would be "swing" districts, but the Democrats' plan would have six. [7] This amendment was defeated on a party line vote. The Senate voted to approve the new map by a 26-24 vote on December 14, 2011.[8] The map then went to the House, who approved it 136-61 on December 20, 2011. The House vote was less partisan, with 36 Democrats voting for the redistricting map and 8 Republicans voting against it.[9] Democrats introduced their own map as an amendment, but the amendment failed. Pennsylvania Democratic Chairman Jim Burn issued a press release, stating, "The Republicans have proposed a map far more partisan and gerrymandered than anyone would have guessed, a map that they will now force into law without any public input."[10]

Corbett signed the new map into law on December 22, 2011.[11]

The map drew Democratic Reps. Jason Altmire and Mark Critz into the same district while putting six Republicans into safer districts.[12]

2018: Pennsylvania Supreme Court invalidating the 2011 congressional districts
Congressional districts (2011–2018)[13]
Congressional districts drawn by Pennsylvania Supreme Court

On June 14, 2017, the League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania filed a lawsuit, alleging that the existing congressional district lines were unconstitutionally gerrymandered to favor the Republican Party.[14] On December 29, 2017, a Pennsylvania trial court held that, although the district boundaries had been drawn to favor Republicans, the district lines did not violate state law.[15] The case was appealed to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, which reviewed the matter on an expedited basis.[15]

In a short order on January 22, 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court struck down the existing map, saying it "clearly, plainly and palpably" violated the state constitution. The court promised a full opinion at a later date, and provided a timeframe in which the state legislative and executive branches could prepare new maps if they chose to do so. The order gave the General Assembly until February 9, 2018, to submit a proposed map to the governor, who would have until February 15, 2018 to submit it to the court.[16][17]

Pennsylvania Republicans appealed to the United States Supreme Court and tried to halt enforcement of the January 22 order while the appeal was pending. Their request was denied on February 5, 2018.[18] Four days later, the deadline for the General Assembly to submit a new plan to the governor expired.[19] On February 19, 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court released a new congressional map to take effect for the May 15, 2018 primaries.[20][19]

Republican lawmakers in the state applied to the United States Supreme Court for a stay of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's decision; however that application was denied on March 19, 2018.[21] Pennsylvania had also brought suit in federal district court, seeking an injunction against using the court-drawn map in the upcoming congressional elections.[22] On March 19, 2018, the federal district court ruled against the Republican lawmakers in that case.[21]

State legislative redistricting

2011–2021

On August 17, 2011, the Legislative Reapportionment Commission unanimously approved the census data and voted to go ahead with the redistricting process. This officially began the 90-day period allotted to the Commission to introduce a preliminary map. Commission members identified 129 precincts where precinct lines and census data may not match up, but they decided to correct the errors as they went rather than wait any longer.[23]

The LRC held a meeting on October 31, 2011 where it took up a vote on new legislative district maps.[24][25] Voting 3-2 along party lines, the panel passed a preliminary Republican proposal that moved seats from west to east. House seats would be added in Allentown, Berks County, Chester County and York County, while eliminating existing districts in Erie and Philadelphia and Allegheny County.[26]

Democrats attacked the plan as partisan, expressing hope that the plan would change prior to adoption. Rep. Gregory Vitali (D) stated, "It seems what this process has been about is incumbency protection, not about the best welfare of communities."[27] Republicans called their plan fair, stressing that the overwhelming loss of population in the west came from Democratic districts, and thus their map was simply an accurate reflection of population changes.

Democrats were also critical of the negotiating process. House Minority Leader Frank Dermody lividly complained that Republicans didn't share their proposed plan until Monday. "And my guess is clearly that my colleague had a significant more amount time to review the plan. Frankly, I look at is as a classic bait and switch," Dermody said.[28]

Majority Leader Dominic Pileggi’s office released a revised map of state senate districts on December 7, 2011. According to Pileggi's press release, the new plan "incorporates more than 150 requests made by Senate Democratic Leader Jay Costa" and "modifies 25 Senate districts from the Preliminary Plan."[29]

Maps approved

By a 4-1 vote the Legislative Reapportionment Commission approved new Senate and House maps on December 12, 2011. No further action was required to implement the districts for 2012, but there was a 30-day period to file appeals with the state Supreme Court. One district in the Senate and five in the House were moved from the western part of the state to the east. Senate Minority Leader Jay Costa (D) initially said Democrats had not decided whether they would appeal,[30] but during the first week of January 2012 he said an appeal would be forthcoming.[31]

Appeals

The court received at least 11 appeals by the January 11, 2012 deadline. The broadest appeal came from the Senate Democrats, arguing against plans to move a Senate district from the southwestern portion of the state to the northeast, move Harrisburg out of its present district, and splits to multiple counties and municipalities.[32] Another major appeal was made by Michael Churchill, a lawyer at The Public Interest Law Center of Philadelphia, on behalf of 13 citizens. He argued that counties and towns were unnecessarily divided in order to include the homes of incumbents.[33]

Maps thrown out

After hearing arguments on January 23, 2012, the state Supreme Court threw out the maps two days later by a vote of 4–3. Calling the redistricting approach "contrary to law," the court ruled current district lines would stay in place until the Legislative Reapportionment Commission could devise a plan that was legal. With the signature filing deadline for state legislative candidates quickly approaching on February 14, the 2012 elections could have taken place in districts that were drawn in 2001.[34]

The court rendered their full opinion on February 3, 2012. Ronald Castille said most appeals were rejected for only showing how a particular region was drawn unconstitutional, but cited two as having a big picture focus and showing how the whole map could be drawn better. One was submitted by Senate Democrats and the other came from Amanda Holt, a 29-year-old piano teacher and Republican committeewoman.[35] The court said Holt's map proved the Legislative Redistricting Commission failed to meet the criteria that municipalities and wards should only be split if absolutely necessary. She initially showed her map to the commission at a hearing on September 7, 2011, but they went on to release a map that had more than twice as many splits as hers did.[36]

Commission meeting, delays

The Legislative Reapportionment Commission met on February 22, 2012, but did not hold a vote. The next meeting was scheduled for February 28, 2012.[37] but the day before it was announced that the meeting had been rescheduled for March 2 without giving a reason why.[38] On March 1 it was announced, again without a stated reason, that the meeting would be rescheduled, but a new date was not given.[39]

On March 8, 2012, Commission chairman Stephen McEwen said talks had been "far from productive" and so it would be pointless to hold a meeting the following week, but that he hoped there would be a vote by March 19.[40]

The next meeting was set for April 12, 2012. While leaders did not say there was new deal, they were expecting a new preliminary plan to be voted on.[41]

New map approved by LRC

On April 12, 2012, the Legislative Reapportionment Commission finally met, voting 4–1 in favor of a compromise proposal put forth by chairman Stephen McEwen. The revised plan addressed municipality splits, with the new Senate map containing only two split between districts while the House map has 68. The initial maps that were rejected by the court had 108 municipal splits.[42]

The commission met on May 2, 2012 to take public comments and had until May 14 to decide whether or not to approve the maps. If approved, they would be in effect starting in 2013 and be used in the 2014 elections.

The LRC voted 4–1 on June 8, 2012 to approve the final plan. The plan, which was drawn up by Republican members, was sent to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Before the court could sign off on the map, citizens had 30 days to file a complaint.[43]

In the 2012 state election in Pennsylvania, the old 2000 census legislative borders were used in the election.

In May 2013, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, in a 6–0 ruling, approved of the new LRC state redistricting plan. The new redistricting borders went into effect in the 2014 state election in Pennsylvania.[44]

gollark: Just make it immediately trigger a kernel panic in case of an allocation failure.
gollark: C_irl
gollark: ... use regular iteration stuff and `if current_index == bees_index then ignore_this_index else don't_ignore` (invalid in every language).
gollark: haskell_irl
gollark: Well, bees are inevitable.

See also

References
  1. "VIETH v. PENNSYLVANIA". The Leagle. April 8, 2002.
  2. Hasen, Richard L. (May 3, 2004). "Supreme Court Got It Right in Pa. Redistricting Case". Roll Call. Roll Call Inc.
  3. "History of Senate Bill 1249".
  4. Opinion in League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania et al v Commonwealth of Pennsylvania et al (Pennsylvania Supreme Court February 7, 2018).
  5. Bumsted, Brad (2011-12-14). "Pennsylvania Senate panel approves new congressional map". Tribune-Review.
  6. The Tribune Democrat, "U.S. House redistricting maps delayed," December 12, 2011
  7. Legislative Journal of the Pennsylvania Senate. www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/SJ/2011/0/Sj20111214.pdf#page=45. p. 1405.CS1 maint: location (link)
  8. The Times-Tribune, "Senate approves redistricting bill," December 15, 2011
  9. SB 1249 - Congressional Redistricting - Voting Record
  10. North Hills Patch, "Redistricting Forces Local Congressman Into Primary Race," December 20, 2011
  11. ABC 27, "Corbett signs off on new congressional map," December 22, 2011
  12. Politico, "Pennsylvania redistricting plan a coup for GOP," December 13, 2011
  13. "The national atlas". nationalatlas.gov. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
  14. Marc Levy. "Pennsylvania's US House district borders challenged in court". The Morning Call. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  15. Trip Gabriel and Alexander Burns. "Judge Says Pennsylvania Election Districts Give Republicans an Edge, but Are Not Illegal". New York Times.
  16. The Associated Press. "Pa. Supreme Court rules state's congressional districts are unconstitutional". Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  17. League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania, et. al. v Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, et. al; No. 159 MM 2017 (Jan 22, 2018). "Order, Per Curiam" (PDF). Pennsylvania State Supreme Court.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)"Second, should the Pennsylvania General Assembly choose to submit a congressional districting plan that satisfies the requirements of the Pennsylvania Constitution, it shall submit such plan for consideration by the Governor on or before February 9, 2018. If the Governor accepts the General Assembly’s congressional districting plan, it shall be submitted to this Court on or before February 15, 2018."
  18. Mark Scolforo and Mark Sherman. "US Supreme Court Won't Block Pennsylvania Redistricting". Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  19. League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania, et. al. v Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, et. al; No. 159 MM 2017 (Feb 19, 2018). "Opinion and Order, Per Curiam" (PDF). Pennsylvania State Supreme Court.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)"Neither the General Assembly nor the Governor sought an extension of the dates set forth in our January 22 Order . The General Assembly failed to pass legislation for the Governor’s approval, thereby making it impossible for our sister branches to meet the Court’s deadline."
  20. https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Pennsylvania-Awaits-First-Look-at-Congressional-Map-474478543.html
  21. Joseph Ax. "Supreme Court upholds Pennsylvania congressional map in win for Democrats". Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  22. David DeKok. "Pennsylvania Republicans make case for scrapping new Congress map". Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  23. Daily Times, "Redistricting commission has 90 days to draw new House, Senate districts," August 18, 2011
  24. Politics PA, "Redistricting Watch: PA Legislative Maps to be Unveiled Oct. 31," October 22, 2011
  25. Politics PA, "Redistricting Watch: Specific Names and Districts Emerge for Pa. Legislative Chopping Block," October 25, 2011
  26. Delco Times, "UPDATE: GOP plan for Pa. assembly seats passes early vote," October 31, 2011
  27. WHTM, "Pa. panel approves preliminary plan for redrawing legislative districts," October 31, 2011
  28. News Works, "Dems blast GOP over Pa. redistricting plan," October 31, 2011
  29. Senator Pileggi, "Senator Pileggi Posts Proposed Final Plan for Legislative Redistricting," December 7, 2011
  30. The Republic, "Special panel votes 4-1 to approve final plan for Pa. legislative redistricting," December 12, 2011
  31. Pittsburgh Tribune–Review, "Costa plans appeal of reapportionment," January 5, 2012
  32. Lehigh Valley Live, "Pennsylvania redistricting plan appeals pour into state Supreme Court," January 11, 2012
  33. NewsWorks, "Appeals filed over fractured towns in Pa. redistricting plan," January 11, 2012
  34. Herald-Mail, "Pa. high court throws out assembly redistricting," January 25, 2012
  35. NewsWorks, "Pa. high court issues opinion on redistricting ruling," February 3, 2012
  36. Morning Call, "Upper Macungie woman's map made the redistricting difference," February 1, 2012
  37. Tribune Democrat, "Pa. Senate GOP leader: No change in primary," February 22, 2012
  38. Legislative Reapportionment Commission, "February 27, 2012 press release"
  39. Legislative Reapportionment Commission, "March 1, 2012 press release"
  40. Lebanon Daily News, "Pa. redistricting chair: Talks tense, unproductive," March 8, 2012
  41. York Dispatch, "Pa. redistricting panel to meet, may vote new maps," April 3, 2012
  42. Times Leader, "Redistricting panel awaiting bipartisan approval," April 13, 2012
  43. Politics PA, "Redistricting Commission Passes GOP Maps," June 8, 2012
  44. http://www.philly.com/philly/news/breaking/20130509_Pa__high_court_OKs_revised_legislative_map.html
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