Rashida Manjoo

Rashida Manjoo is a professor of Public Law in Durban and a social activist involved in the eradication of violence against women and gender-based violence. Manjoo was the United Nations' Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women from June 2009 to July 2015.[1][2]

Rashida Manjoo in 2014

Early life

Rashida Manjoo grew up in Durban, South Africa. Manjoo learned of the injustices towards women from a young age. Raised by two strong female influences, her grandmother and mother, she saw their strength in times of poverty in Apartheid South Africa.[3] Living in apartheid South Africa allowed Manjoo to view the violence against women and lack of accountability from a young age.[4] Through Manjoo’s parent's importance on education was expressed upon Manjoo and her five sister,[5] Manjoo’s personal history with the apartheid and her higher education guided her into many civil society positions, advocating for improved human rights standards.

Manjoo grew of age in South Africa during a time that extenuated the history of colonization, and a system that did not consider women equal, but inferior. Naturally, becoming interested in challenging oppression and discrimination in its many forms, she started working as a women’s liberation campaigner in anti-apartheid groups across South Africa.[6][7]

Career

Manjoo is a professor in the Department of Public Law at the University of Cape Town.[8] She previously served as the Parliamentary Commissioner on South Africa's Commission on Gender Equality, the Des Lee Distinguished Visiting Professor at Webster University, and the Eleanor Roosevelt Fellow with Harvard Law School's Human Rights Program.[2] Manjoo also taught at the University of Natal, Durban.[9]

Manjoo was an educator for not only her university students but lawyers and judges as well. Manjoo established and taught social context training for judges and lawyers, designing content and methodology intended to improve experiences within the judicial system. As an educator, Manjoo has held numerous visiting professorships around the globe; including the Des Lee Distinguished Visiting Professor at Webster University in the United States. At Webster University, she has taught courses on human rights, with a particular focus on women's human rights and transitional justice. Manjoo also was a clinical instructor for the Human Rights Program at Harvard Law School in 2005 and 2006 and the Eleanor Roosevelt Fellow at Harvard Law School in 2006-07.[10]

Social work

Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, Manjoo and many other feminist activists added focus to the intersectional perspective, by including race and gender in the discussion of inequality and discrimination.[11] Manjoo and other intersectional feminists began forming coalitions or networks for women in South Africa, such as the Women’s Charter which Manjoo created in her province in South Africa.[12]

The different coalitions for women would reflect the desires and demands of the women in South Africa, especially in reaction to the treatment of women during the apartheid. During the time of apartheid and the following transition period towards democracy, there was rampant state-sponsored violence against women and other minority groups such as student protesters. The Women’s Charter and other groups focused their efforts on increasing awareness of the violence towards women and generating support for those women.[13]

Manjoo’s work for human rights for women led to her involvement in regional and international discussions on justice for women, including work on the Protocol on Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol), the African Court on Human Rights, and the Rome Treaty (International Criminal Court). Manjoo worked internationally with these groups to recognize how violence against women is manifested and translated those manifestations into categories of crime under international criminal law.

Through the Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice and the Coalition on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Manjoo worked to link women’s local knowledge and presence in global initiatives to support women, and to illuminate the existence of gendered violence and strengthen international criminal law to prevent and prosecute.[14] Manjoo worked to expose the negative effects of violence against women, and the interplay between different individual, family, community, and social factors on violence and the perpetuation of violence against women.[15]

Manjoo worked as a human rights lawyer throughout her career, including for the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) to create shadow reports— which are disclosed reports that can be submitted by Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) to articulate and advocate for certain needs of citizens which are currently being unsupported or mismanaged by national governments. Manjoo spent time with CEDAW and other activists, drafting a submission on violence against women in both local and global communities, in theory, and practice. Manjoo subsequently served for five years as Parliamentary Commissioner in the Commission on Gender Equality to hold governments accountable to national constitutions; again, using various independent organizations (including NGOs) to regulate the accountability of national governments.[16] This position gave Manjoo the ability to work within a state structure while emphasizing the national need for support of women in the discussion of human rights. Manjoo also used her position on the Commission on Gender Equality to reject the theory of solely analyzing civil and political rights independently, but rather urging for a holistic approach to human rights including intersectional experiences. [17]

During Manjoo’s lifelong career advocating for activism against oppression and discrimination, Manjoo dedicated much of her efforts to educate students across the globe.[18]

United Nations Special Rapporteur for Violence Against Women (UNSPVAW)

Manjoo’s dedication to action on issues of social justice within her many capacities, compounded with her strife for personal and community education and equal opportunities, made her widely known within the international women’s movement. Due in part to her notoriety, Manjoo was nominated and appointed to UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences, in 2009, by the UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan with the support of the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC)[19] Manjoo’s local and national work for gender and race equality logically culminated in her appointment to the UNHRC.[20] As the United Nations Special Rapporteur for Violence Against Women (UNSPVAW), Manjoo continually worked to display the gap between government promises and the action taken to support women afflicted by violence. Manjoo has done so by prioritizing many issues of violence against women as thematic mandates submitted to the UNHRC.[21]

Manjoo provided a range of thematic reports to the UN Human Rights Council and the UN General Assembly. These thematic mandates report on the research collected by the UN Special Rapporteur and their recommended procedures.[22] Manjoo has continually provided thematic mandates on a variety of issues regarding violence against women.

These thematic mandates include:

  • violence against women and girls with disabilities
  • gender-motivated killings of women and their role in the continuum of violence
  • pathways to incarceration and their resulting consequences
  • reparations for women who have been victims of violence
  • the multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination in violence
  • the state’s responsibility to due diligence and the elimination of violence against women.

The thematic mandates exposed the gap in international criminal law between human rights standards and the treatment and violence against women.[23] She has attempted to influence more accountability on the part of national governments globally, stating states are not being held responsible for their role in violence against women; calling for responsibility “necessary” to for countries to be intolerant to violence against women properly. [24] This call for accountability is clear in Manjoo’s final two thematic reports which claimed, under international law, there are no provisions that impose legally binding obligations on member states to eliminate violence against women. Manjoo is also notable for exposing governments or organizations that are or complacent in the harm of women, which occasionally has led to criticism. [25]

Most notably, Manjoo gained national media coverage when, after a 16-day investigation of the UK, Manjoo expressed that the UK had a more visible presence of sexism and sexist portrayals of women, claiming that the British media was to blame for its responsibility in the “negative and over-sexualized portrayals of women” and the “marketization of their bodies.”[26] Many people were upset by this characterization of the UK and criticized Manjoo for her opinions, deeming them an unfair interpretation and representation of the UK [27][28][29] In 2014, Manjoo submitted a report on violence and sex crimes in India believing the violence to be widespread and systematic. Referencing her many discussions with women and experts in India as evidence of deep-rooted physical, sexual, and psychological abuse of women occurring in the private sphere and accepted by the State. Officials from India denied that violence against women is systematic, and criticized Manjoo’s statements for being simplistic and an over generalization.[30]

She was succeeded by Dr. Dubravka Šimonović in July 2015.[31][32]

Awards and honors

Written work
  • Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences (2017)[35]
  • The Challenges of Formalization, Regulation, and Reform of Traditional Courts in South Africa (2015)[36]
  • Bridging the Divide’: An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women (2015)[37]
  • The Continuum of Violence Against Women and the Challenges of Effective Redress (2014) [38]
  • Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Addendum : Mission to India: comments by the State on the report of the Special Rapporteur (2014)[39]
  • Trafficking of Women: Norms, Realities, and Challenges (2014)[40]
  • The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission- A Model for Gender Justice (2012)[41]
  • Domestic Violence Support Services Will Fail Without Agency Networking (2011)[42]
  • Gender-based Violence and Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Areas (2011)[43]
  • The Right of Public Participation in the Law- Making Process and the Role of Legislation in the Promotion of This Right (2008)[44]
  • Gender Injustice and the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2007)[45]
  • The Recognition of Muslim Personal Laws in South Africa: Implications of Women’s Human Rights (2007)[46]
  • What’s in a Name? The Identity and Reform of Customary Law in South Africa’s Constitutional Dispensation (2006)[47]
  • South Africa’s National Gender Machinery (2005)[48]
  • Gender Rights Within the Framework of Traditional or Group Cultural Norms and Rights (2005)[49]
  • Legislative Recognition of Muslim Marriages in South Africa (2004)[50]
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See also

References
  1. "Champion of women's rights Rashida Manjoo and pioneering criminologist Ronald V. Clarke to receive honorary degrees from Jay College of Criminal Justice", CUNY, 18 April 2018.
  2. "Rashida Manjoo, Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences", United Nations Human Rights. Office of the High Commissioner.
  3. [2] South African Feminist a Global Voice for Women. Shamin Chibba. August 13, 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  4. ‘Bridging the Divide’: An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women. Rashida Manjoo and Daniela Nadj. 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  5. South African Feminist a Global Voice for Women. Shamin Chibba. August 13, 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  6. [3] Champion of Women’s Rights Rashida Manjoo and Pioneering Criminologist Ronald V. Clarke to Receive Honorary Degrees from John Jay College of Criminal Justice. CUNY.com. April 18, 2018. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  7. ‘Bridging the Divide’: An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women. Rashida Manjoo and Daniela Nadj. 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  8. "Violence against women and girls a human rights violation, says UCT academic" Archived 5 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine, University of Cape Town, 12 August 2014.
  9. Seminar Presentation by Rashida Manjoo. African Gender Institute. August 2014. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  10. Rashida Manjoo, Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences. UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  11. ‘Bridging the Divide’: An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women. Rashida Manjoo and Daniela Nadj. 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  12. [4] Mildred Fish- Harnack Lecture to Feature Women’s Advocate Rashida Manjoo. Kerry G. Hill. August 24, 2012. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  13. Bridging the Divide’: An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women. Rashida Manjoo and Daniela Nadj. 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  14. Bridging the Divide’: An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women. Rashida Manjoo and Daniela Nadj. 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  15. Keynote from Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences. Rashida Manjoo. October 29, 2011. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  16. Keynote from Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences. Rashida Manjoo. October 29, 2011. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  17. University of Glasgow School of Law Presentation of Honorary Doctorate Degree. University of Glasgow. 2013. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  18. Champion of Women’s Rights Rashida Manjoo and Pioneering Criminologist Ronald V. Clarke to Receive Honorary Degrees from John Jay College of Criminal Justice. CUNY.com. April 18, 2018. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  19. South African Feminist a Global Voice for Women. Shamin Chibba. August 13, 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  20. Bridging the Divide’: An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women. Rashida Manjoo and Daniela Nadj. 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  21. University of Glasgow School of Law Presentation of Honorary Doctorate Degree. University of Glasgow. 2013. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  22. Annual reports to the Human Rights Council. UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  23. University of Glasgow School of Law Presentation of Honorary Doctorate Degree. University of Glasgow. 2013. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  24. ‘Bridging the Divide’: An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women. Rashida Manjoo and Daniela Nadj. 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  25. Glasgow to Honour UCT Legal Expert on Women’s Rights. Andrea Weiss. April 26, 2016. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  26. UN Special Rapporteur Rashida Manjoo says UK has 'sexist culture'. BBC. April 15, 2014. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  27. We Could Have Had a Proper Debate About Sexism After Rashida Manjoo's Comments. Archie Bland. April 16, 2014. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  28. Manjoo, Rashida (15 April 2014). "Special Rapporteur on violence against women finalizes country mission to the United Kingdom ..." United Nations Human Rights. Office of the High Commissioner. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018.
  29. "UN Special Rapporteur Rashida Manjoo says UK has 'sexist culture'", BBC News, 15 April 2014.
  30. India Rebuffs 'Simplistic' UN Criticism Over Sex Crimes. VOA News. June 12, 2014. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  31. "29th regular session of the Human Rights Council (15 June to 3 July 2015)". United Nations Human Rights Council.
  32. ‘Bridging the Divide’: An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women. Rashida Manjoo and Daniela Nadj. 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  33. Rashida Manjoo, Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences. UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  34. University of Glasgow School of Law Presentation of Honorary Doctorate Degree. University of Glasgow. 2013. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  35. Heaney, Christopher (2017-06-08). "Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences, on Her Mission to Israel". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  36. The Challenges of Formalization, Regulation, and Reform of Traditional Courts in South Africa
  37. 'Bridging the Divide': An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women
  38. Google Scholar Rashida Manjoo. Google. 2014. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  39. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Addendum : Mission to India: comments by the State on the report of the Special Rapporteur". Refworld. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  40. Trafficking of Women: Norms, Realities, and Challenges
  41. "The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission—a Model for Gender Justice? | Publications | UNRISD". www.unrisd.org. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  42. Padayachee, Anshu; Manjoo, Rashida (1996). "Domestic violence support services will fail without agency networking". Agenda. 12 (30): 73–78. doi:10.1080/10130950.1996.9675548 (inactive 2020-05-29). Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  43. Gender-based Violence and Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Areas
  44. The Right of Public Participation in the Law- Making Process and the Role of Legislation in the Promotion of This Right
  45. Gender Injustice and the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission
  46. The Recognition of Muslim Personal Laws in South Africa: Implications of Women’s Human Rights
  47. Hinz, Manfred O.; Patemann, Helgard K. (2006). The Shade of New Leaves: Governance in Traditional Authority ; a Southern African Perspective. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783825892838.
  48. Manjoo, Rashida (2005-01-01). "South Africa's National Gender Machinery". Acta Juridica. 2005 (1): 243–272. ISSN 1996-2088.
  49. "Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity". Agenda Feminist Media.
  50. "Legislative Recognition of Muslim Marriages in South Africa". connection.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2019-01-13.

Further reading
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