Raphael Weldon

Walter Frank Raphael Weldon DSc FRS (15 March 1860 in Highgate, London – 13 April 1906 in Oxford) generally called Raphael Weldon, was an English evolutionary biologist and a founder of biometry. He was the joint founding editor of Biometrika, with Francis Galton and Karl Pearson.

Walter Frank Raphael Weldon
Raphael Weldon
Born(1860-03-15)15 March 1860
Highgate, London
Died13 April 1906(1906-04-13) (aged 46)
Oxford, England
NationalityBritish
Alma materSt John's College, Cambridge
AwardsFellow of the Royal Society
Scientific career
FieldsZoology, biometry
InstitutionsSt John's College, Cambridge
University College London
Oxford University
Academic advisorsFrancis Maitland Balfour
InfluencesFrancis Galton, Karl Pearson

Family

Weldon was the second child of the journalist and industrial chemist, Walter Weldon, and his wife Anne Cotton. On 13 March 1883 Weldon married Florence Tebb, daughter of the social reformer William Tebb

Life and education

Medicine was his intended career and he spent the academic year 1876-1877 at University College London. Among his teachers were the zoologist E. Ray Lankester and the mathematician Olaus Henrici. In the following year he transferred to King's College London and then to St John's College, Cambridge in 1878.[1]

There Weldon studied with the developmental morphologist Francis Balfour who influenced him greatly; Weldon gave up his plans for a career in medicine. In 1881 he gained a first-class honours degree in the Natural Science Tripos; in the autumn he left for the Naples Zoological Station to begin the first of his studies on marine biological organisms.

On his religious views, he considered himself an agnostic.[2] He died in 1906 of acute pneumonia, and is buried at Holywell Church, Oxford.

Career
Bust in the Oxford University Museum

Upon returning to Cambridge in 1882, he was appointed university lecturer in Invertebrate Morphology. Weldon's work was centred on the development of a fuller understanding of marine biological phenomena and selective death rates of these organisms.

In 1889 Weldon succeeded Lankester in the Jodrell Chair of Zoology at University College London[3], and as curator of what is now the Grant Museum of Zoology[4], and was elected to the Royal Society in 1890. Royal Society records show his election supporters included the great zoologists of the day: Huxley, Lankester, Poulton, Newton, Flower, Romanes and others.

His interests were changing from morphology to problems in variation and organic correlation. He began using the statistical techniques that Francis Galton had developed for he had come to the view that "the problem of animal evolution is essentially a statistical problem." Weldon began working with his University College colleague, the mathematician Karl Pearson. Their partnership was very important to both men and survived Weldon's move to the Linacre Chair of Zoology at Oxford University in 1899. In the years of their collaboration Pearson laid the foundations of modern statistics. Magnello emphasises this side of Weldon's career. In 1900 he took the DSc degree and as Linacre Professor he also held a Fellowship at Merton College, Oxford.

Weldon was one of the first scientists to provide evidence of stabilizing and directional selection in natural populations.[5]

By 1893 a Royal Society Committee included Weldon, Galton and Karl Pearson 'For the Purpose of conducting Statistical Enquiry into the Variability of Organisms'. In an 1894 paper Some remarks on variation in plants and animals arising from the work of the Royal Society Committee, Weldon wrote:

"... the questions raised by the Darwinian hypothesis are purely statistical, and the statistical method is the only one at present obvious by which that hypothesis can be experimentally checked."

In 1900 the work of Gregor Mendel was rediscovered and this precipitated a conflict between Weldon and Pearson on the one side and William Bateson on the other. Bateson, who had been taught by Weldon, took a very strong line against the biometricians. This bitter dispute ranged across substantive issues of the nature of evolution and methodological issues such as the value of the statistical method. Will Provine gives a detailed account of the controversy.[6] The debate lost much of its intensity with the death of Weldon in 1906, though the general debate between the biometricians and the Mendelians continued until the creation of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s.

After his death, the Weldon Memorial Prize was established by the University of Oxford in his honour; it is awarded annually.

Weldon's dice

In 1894, Weldon rolled a set of 12 dice 26,306 times.[7] He collected the data in part, 'to judge whether the differences between a series of group frequencies and a theoretical law, taken as a whole, were or were not more than might be attributed to the chance fluctuations of random sampling.' Weldon's dice data were used by Karl Pearson[8] in his pioneering paper on the chi-squared statistic. As a project for a History of Statistics course taught at the University of Chicago, Zacariah Labby[9] built a machine[10] to roll the dice and automatically count the dots (pips) on each die. The resulting data allowed Labby to repeat Weldon and Pearson's original investigations, as well as delve deeper into the analysis.

Notes
  1. "Weldon, Walter Frank Raphael (WLDN878WF)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  2. Karl Pearson (2011). Walter Frank Raphael Weldon 1860–1906: A Memoir Reprinted from Biometrika. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9781107601222. He was through the many years the present writer knew him, like his hero Huxley, a confirmed Agnostic.
  3. Bourne, Gilbert Charles. "Weldon Walter Frank Raphael". Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 Supplement.
  4. "On the Origin of Our Specimens: The Weldon Years | UCL Museums & Collections Blog". blogs.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  5. Amitabh, Joshi. (2017). Weldon's Search for a Direct Proof of Natural Selection and the Tortuous Path to the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis. Resonance 22 (6): 525-548.
  6. W.B. Provine (1971). The origins of theoretical population genetics. University of Chicago Press.
  7. Kemp, A.W., and C.D. Kemp. (1991). Weldon's dice data revisited, The American Statistician, 45(3):216–222.
  8. Pearson, Karl (1900). On the criterion that a given system of derivations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 5(50), 157–175.
  9. Zacariah Labby (2009). "Weldon's Dice, Automated". Chance. 22 (4): 6–13. doi:10.1007/s00144-009-0036-8.
  10. Weldon's Dice, Automated (video) on YouTube
gollark: Defining information as weapons seems very problematic. Especially the encryption thing, which was apparently worked around by exporting cryptography stuff as books and as very short perl programs on T-shirts.
gollark: I see.
gollark: How does it work?
gollark: Yes. Earth had it coming.
gollark: I'm assuming "MPU" is "memristor processing unit" or something?

References
  • Pearson, Karl (2011) [1906]. Walter Frank Raphael Weldon 1860–1906: A Memoir Reprinted from Biometrika. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-60122-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • W.B. Provine (1971) The origins of theoretical population genetics. University of Chicago Press.
  • Magnello E. 2001. Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, in Statisticians of the Centuries (eds C.C. Heyde and E. Seneta) p261-264. New York: Springer.
  • Shipley A.E. 1908. Walter Frank Raphael Weldon. Proc Roy Soc Series B 1908 vol 80 pxxv-xli.
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