Ranipokhari

Rani Pokhari (Nepali: रानी पोखरी) meaning queen's pond, originally known as Nhu Pukhu (Nepal Bhasa: न्हू पुखू) meaning new pond, is a historic artificial pond located in the heart of Kathmandu, Nepal.[1] The square-shaped tank dates from the 17th century, and was built on the eastern side of the then city limits. It lies just outside a former city gate. The pond is one of Kathmandu's most famous landmarks and is known for its religious and aesthetic significance. Its dimensions are 180m by 140m.[2] It was damaged by the earthquake of 2015 AD and is currently under construction.

For the village in Nepal, see Ranipokhari, Nepal.
Wide view of Ranipokhari
Elephant statue on the southern side of Rani Pokhari

Construction
Rani Pokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal

Rani Pokhari was built in 1670 AD by King Pratap Malla, one of the most illustrious monarchs of the Malla dynasty that ruled Nepal for more than 600 years. Pratap Malla had the tank constructed to console his queen who was distraught with grief after their son was trampled to death by an elephant. He had water collected from various holy places and river confluences in Nepal and India like Gosaikunda, Muktinath, Badrinath, Kedarnath and poured into the pond to sanctify it.[3][4]

A temple dedicated to Matrikeshwor Mahadev, a form of the Hindu deity Shiva, stands at the center of the pond. There is an idol of Harishankari, which is said to be the only one idol of both Saraswoti and Laxmi. It is reached from the street by a causeway. A large stone statue of an elephant bearing the images of Pratap Malla and his two sons Chakravartendra Malla and Mahipatendra Malla is situated on the tank's southern embankment. The pond is recharged by water flowing in through an underground channel.

There are four smaller temples situated at the four corners of the pond: Bhairava temples in the northwest and northeast, Mahalaxmi Temple in the southeast and Ganesh Temple in the southwest. The temples on the eastern side now lie within the compounds of Tri Chandra College and a police station which has undermined their cultural importance.[1][5]

Ranipokhari during Chhath festival

Rani Pokhari is fenced with iron bars and opened once a year during Bhai Tika, the fifth and final day of the Tihar, and Chhath festival. The world's largest Chhath festival takes place every year in RaniPokhari. Rani is also dedicated to (Nepalese Maithil) Women who go into the cold water and pray to the Sun God. [6]

Rani Pokhari inscription

King Pratap Malla installed a stone slab at Rani Pokhari with writings in three languages: Sanskrit, Nepali and Nepal Bhasa. It is dated Nepal Sambat 790 (1670 AD) and describes the construction of Rani Pokhari and its religious significance. It also mentions five Brahmins, five Pradhans (Chief-ministers) and five Khas Magars as being witnesses.[1]

Western references

Among the earliest references to Rani Pokhari is an account by Italian Jesuit Ippolito Desideri who visited Kathmandu in 1721 when Nepal was ruled by the Malla kings. He was travelling from Tibet to India, and has mentioned in his travelogue seeing a large pond outside the main city gate with flights of steps and banks sloping down to the water. The father has also written that there was a tall column at the center resting on a magnificent pedestal.[7]

The British Indian Army officer William Kirkpatrick, who visited Kathmandu in 1793, wrote about a quadrangular reservoir of water situated near the northeastern part of the city. He also noted the existence of many temples on the sides of Rani Pokhari, some of which were of considerable height and size.[8]

Controversial upgrade
Ranipokhari being restored with bricks in stead of concrete

The restoration work on Ranipokhari after the 2015 earthquake began in January 2016 and has been fraught with controversy. The original plans used concrete for the restoration, instead of the traditional brick and clay, and included fountains and a new lakeside café. After a series of local protests it was decided to restore the pond to the way it was in 1670.[9][10][11]

Famous structures

Rani Pokhari is surrounded by historical buildings and famous structures. The clock tower Ghanta Ghar is situated across the road on the eastern side of the pond. The original clock tower, which had a more elaborate architecture, was destroyed during the Great earthquake of 1934. The present clock tower was built after the earthquake. It stands on the premises of Tri Chandra College, the first college in the country which was established in 1918 AD.

On the western side of Rani Pokhari stands another historical building, Durbar High School, built in 1854 AD. It is the first school in Nepal providing education along with modern lines. In the beginning, Durbar High School only admitted the children of the ruling classes. It was opened to the general public in 1902 AD.

Tundikhel, a parade ground and ceremonial grass field and a Kathmandu landmark, formerly extended from the southern side of Rani Pokhari. A section next to the pond was fenced off and converted into a public park and flower garden in the mid-1960s.

  • Rani Pokhari and clock tower from the west before the 1934 earthquake.
  • Statue of elephant and round rest house for travelers, circa 1930.
  • Bird's-eye view of Rani Pokhari and nearby areas in the 1950s.
  • Former bus stand built in the early 1960s on the northwestern corner.
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References
  1. Tribhuvan University Teachers' Association (June 2012). "Historical and Environmental Study of Rani Pokhari". Government of Nepal, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology. p. 4-5. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  2. Amatya, Saphalya (2003). Water & Culture (PDF). p. 25. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  3. Chitrakar, Anil (30 July 2010). "Infant Mortality". ECS NEPAL. Kathmandu. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  4. "Majestic Rani Pokhari". Republica. Kathmandu. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  5. Regmi, DR (1966). Medieval Nepal: A history of the three kingdoms, 1520 AD to 1768 AD. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. p. 110.
  6. "Chhath Puja in Ranipokhari, world's largest : ICIMOD".
  7. Desideri, Ippolito (1995). "The Kingdom of Nepal". In De Filippi, Filippo (ed.). An Account of Tibet: The Travels of Ippolito Desideri 1712-1727 AES reprint. Asian Educational Services. p. 317. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  8. Kirkpatrick, William (1811). An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul, Being the Substance of Observations Made During a Mission to that Country, in the Year 1793. W. Miller. p. 159. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  9. Rani Pokhari blunder, The Kathmandu Post, September 28, 2018, retrieved 14 September 2019
  10. Reconstruction work of Rani Pokhari resumes by Anup Ojha, The Kathmandu Post, March 6, 2019, retrieved 14 September 2019
  11. Bhaktapur sets an example for local-led heritage reconstruction, while Kathmandu and Patan fall short by Timothy Aryal, The Kathmandu Post, April 25, 2019, retrieved 14 September 2019
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