Randles circuit

A Randles circuit is an equivalent electrical circuit that consists of an active electrolyte resistance RS in series with the parallel combination of the double-layer capacitance Cdl and an impedance of a faradaic reaction. It is commonly used in Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for interpretation of impedance spectra, often with a Constant phase element (CPE) replacing the double layer capacity (Cdl). The Randles equivalent circuit is one of the simplest possible models describing processes at the electrochemical interface. In real electrochemical systems, impedance spectra are usually more complicated and, thus, the Randles circuit may not give appropriate results.

Randles circuit schematic.

Explanation

Figure 1 shows the equivalent circuit initially proposed by John Edward Brough Randles for modeling of interfacial electrochemical reactions in presence of semi-infinite linear diffusion of electroactive particles to flat electrodes. In this model, the impedance of a faradaic reaction consists of an active charge transfer resistance Rct and a specific electrochemical element of diffusion W, which is also called Warburg element (ZW = AW/(jω)0.5, where AW is Warburg coefficient, j – imaginary unit, ω – angular frequency).


Simulated EIS spectrum of the Randles circuit.

Identifying the Warburg element

In a simple situation, the Warburg element manifests itself in EIS spectra by a line with an angle of 45 degrees in the low frequency region. Figure 2 shows an example of EIS spectrum (presented in the Nyquist plot) simulated using the following parameters: RS = 20 Ω, Cdl = 25 μF, Rct = 100 Ω, AW = 300 Ω•s−0.5. Values of the charge transfer resistance and Warburg coefficient depend on physico-chemical parameters of a system under investigation. To obtain the Randles circuit parameters, the fitting of the model to the experimental data should be performed using complex nonlinear least-squares procedures available in numerous EIS data fitting computer programs.

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References
  • Randles, J. E. B. (1947). "Kinetics of rapid electrode reactions". Discussions of the Faraday Society. 1: 11. doi:10.1039/df9470100011. ISSN 0366-9033.
  • A. Lasia. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and its applications. In: Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry. Volume 32. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub. 1999, Ch.2, p. 143.
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