Quotaism

Quotaism[1][2][3] is the concept of organising society by a quota system, whether by racial, gender, language or another demographic attribute. The basic premise is to have demographics represented at all levels and aspects of the civilization according to national statistics.

A quota system is often part of any affirmative action policies, but in those cases it is mainly used as a "target", within a single entity. Quotaism applies to the whole country and is enforced by legislation on all public and private entities.

Implementation

Bangladesh

• The Bangladesh Civil Service reserves 30% of its positions to the children and grandchildren of Bangladesh Liberation War veterans, 10% to women, 10% to residents of underdeveloped districts, 5% to the indigenous peoples in Bangladesh, and 1% to disabled people. There have been demonstrations by university students calling for a drastic reduction in these quotas, or their complete abolition.[4]

Brazil

• Higher Education – In 2012 the Brazilian government introduced legislation for federal universities, where spots are reserved according to the racial make-up of each Brazilian state.[5]

India

• Reservation - a form of quota-based affirmative action directed by constitutional and statutory laws, half of all the vacancies in government is reserved based on caste, tribe or gender ie. mainly marginalised indigenous SC/ST communities.
• Higher Education - The University Grants Commission (UGC) provides financial assistance to universities/colleges which adopts a reservation policy for admissions and recruitment.[6]
• Sports Quota - Sport ability can be a criterion for being hired for none-sports positions.[7]

South Africa

Local trade unions commonly use the term "Absolute representation" in this regard.[8]

• BEE (Black Economic Empowerment) – Companies are scored based on the quota of black ownership, senior managers, training, as well as suppliers. These scores then translate into their ability to compete for government tenders.
• Affirmative Action – The SAPS (South African Police Service) operates a quota system policy for hiring and promotion. Positions will be left unfilled if the appropriate demographic candidate cannot be recruited, even if another qualified person is available.[9][10]
• University Enrolment – First year students are registered on a racial quota basis. In some cases there are different admission requirements for different demographics. For example: to study medicine at the University of Cape Town (UCT), white and Indian students require at least a 78% average on their National Senior Certificate, whereas black students only requires 59%.[11] This is largely as a result of the quota system requiring privelaged access for certain ethnic groups - In 2016 the University of Kwazulu Natal quota for medical students is 69% black African, 19% Indian, 9% coloured, 2% white and 1% other.[12]
• Sport - Sports Minister Fikile Mbalula plans to impose quota systems in athletics, cricket, football, netball and rugby.[13]

Criticism

Quota distribution does not necessarily fit the real composition of the population;

• one demographic may have a higher degree of higher education than another,
• a region/town may have a higher percentage of a certain demographic than the national average for that group.[14]

It is complicated to keep to a quota system in equilibrium since the demographics are continually changing. Most quota systems are based on national census data, which is tends to be collected once every 5-10 years.

Leaving positions unfilled in state departments can have a negative effect on service delivery. This is a very serious concern when applied in police forces of countries with high crime figures. This can also lead to slow economic growth and social mobility pigeonholing.

Quota systems can have a discriminative effect on minorities;

• Where fewer staff members are required, minorities may not be represented at all. For example; the South-African Indian population only make out 3% of the total population. If only 10 senior managers are required, Indian representation would be calculated as 0.3 of a staff member. This may be round down to the zero.[15]

See also

• Gender quota (disambiguation)
• Jewish quota
• Racial quota
• Tokenism

References

1. Mandal, U.C. (1997). Development and Public Administration. Sarup & Sons. p. 44. ISBN 9788185431864. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
2. Jennings, J.E.; Hertel, M.F. (1975). Inquiring about freedom: civil rights and individual responsibility. Fideler Co. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
3. Sh'ma. Sh'ma, Incorporated. 1980. ISSN 0049-0385. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
4. Mahmud, Faisal (13 May 2018). "Bangladesh students demand abolition of job quota system". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 May 2018. Thousands of students launch a fresh movement as government fails to honour its promise to end quota in government jobs.
5. "BBC News - Brazil approves affirmative action law for universities". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
6. http://ncst.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/UGC%20Guidlines_for%20SC_ST6052135002.pdf
7. "Sports merit is crucial for government job under quota - The Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
8. "Absolute representation | Stop Kwotas". stopkwotas.co.za. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
9. "Solidarity to fight for minorities in SAPS - Crime & Courts | IOL News | IOL.co.za". iol.co.za. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
10. "Background to Renate Barnard case". solidariteit.co.za. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
11. "Bar still raised for white pupils - Cape Times | IOL.co.za". iol.co.za. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
12. http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/university-race-quotas-in-spotlight-1650992
13. "South Africa bring back racial quotas for teams - International - Rugby Union - The Independent". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
14. "'Coloured' comments haunt Manyi - Politics | IOL News | IOL.co.za". iol.co.za. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
15. "Solidarity: Your only chance against the SAPS's unfair implementation of affirmative action". solidariteit.co.za. Retrieved 5 October 2014.