Quintic threefold

In mathematics, a quintic threefold is a 3-dimensional hypersurface of degree 5 in 4-dimensional projective space. Non-singular quintic threefolds are Calabi–Yau manifolds.

The Hodge diamond of a non-singular quintic 3-fold is

			1
		0		0
	0		1		0
1		101		101		1
	0		1		0
		0		0
			1

Mathematician Robbert Dijkgraaf said "One number which every algebraic geometer knows is the number 2,875 because obviously, that is the number of lines on a quintic."[1]

Definition

A quintic threefold is a special class of Calabi–Yau manifolds defined by a degree ${\displaystyle 5}$ projective variety in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{4}}$. Many examples are constructed as hypersurfaces in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{4}}$, or complete intersections lying in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{4}}$, or as a smooth variety resolving the singularities of another variety. As a set, a Calabi-Yau manifold is

${\displaystyle X=\{x=[x_{0}:x_{1}:x_{2}:x_{3}:x_{4}]\in \mathbb {CP} ^{4}:p(x)=0\}}$

where ${\displaystyle p(x)}$ is a degree ${\displaystyle 5}$ homogeneous polynomial. One of the most studied examples is from the polynomial

${\displaystyle p(x)=x_{0}^{5}+x_{1}^{5}+x_{2}^{5}+x_{3}^{5}+x_{4}^{5}}$

called a Fermat polynomial. Proving that such a polynomial defines a Calabi-Yau requires some more tools, like the Adjunction formula and conditions for smoothness.

Hypersurfaces in P⁴

Recall that a homogeneous polynomial ${\displaystyle f\in \Gamma (\mathbb {P} ^{4},{\mathcal {O}}(d))}$ (where ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(d)}$ is the Serre-twist of the hyperplane line bundle) defines a projective variety, or projective scheme, ${\displaystyle X}$, from the algebra

${\displaystyle {\frac {k[x_{0},\ldots ,x_{4}]}{(f)}}}$

where ${\displaystyle k}$ is a field, such as ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }$. Then, using the Adjunction formula to compute its canonical bundle, we have

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Omega _{X}^{3}&=\omega _{X}\\&=\omega _{\mathbb {P} ^{4}}\otimes {\mathcal {O}}(d)\\&\cong {\mathcal {O}}(-(4+1))\otimes {\mathcal {O}}(d)\\&\cong {\mathcal {O}}(d-5)\end{aligned}}}$

hence in order for the variety to be Calabi-Yau, meaning it has a trivial canonical bundle, its degree must be ${\displaystyle 5}$. It is then a Calabi-Yau manifold if in addition this variety is smooth. This can be checked by looking at the zeros of the polynomials

${\displaystyle \partial _{0}f,\ldots ,\partial _{4}f}$

and making sure the set

${\displaystyle \{x=[x_{0}:\cdots :x_{4}]|f(x)=\partial _{0}f(x)=\cdots =\partial _{4}f(x)=0\}}$

is empty.

Examples

Fermat Quintic

One of the easiest examples to check of a Calabi-Yau manifold is given by the Fermat quintic threefold, which is defined by the vanishing locus of the polynomial

${\displaystyle f=x_{0}^{5}+x_{1}^{5}+x_{2}^{5}+x_{3}^{5}+x_{4}^{5}}$

Computing the partial derivatives of ${\displaystyle f}$ gives the four polynomials

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\partial _{0}f=5x_{0}^{4}\\\partial _{1}f=5x_{1}^{4}\\\partial _{2}f=5x_{2}^{4}\\\partial _{3}f=5x_{3}^{4}\\\partial _{4}f=5x_{4}^{4}\\\end{aligned}}}$

Since the only points where they vanish is given by the coordinate axes in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{4}}$, the vanishing locus is empty since ${\displaystyle [0:0:0:0:0]}$ is not a point in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{4}}$.

As a Hodge Conjecture testbed

Another application of the quintic threefold is in the study of the infinitesimal generalized Hodge conjecture where this difficult problem can be solved in this case[2]. In fact, all of the lines on this hypersurface can be found explicitly.

Dwork family of quintic three-folds

Another popular class of examples of quintic three-folds, studied in many contexts, is the Dwork family. One popular study of such a family is from Candelas, De La Ossa, Green, and Parkes[3], when they discovered mirror symmetry. This is given by the family

${\displaystyle f_{\psi }=x_{0}^{5}+x_{1}^{5}+x_{2}^{5}+x_{3}^{5}+x_{4}^{5}-5\psi x_{0}x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}x_{4}}$[4] ^{pages 123-125}

where ${\displaystyle \psi }$ is a single parameter not equal to a 5-th root of unity. This can be found by computing the partial derivates of ${\displaystyle f_{\psi }}$ and evaluating their zeros. The partial derivates are given by

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\partial _{0}f_{\psi }=5x_{0}^{4}-5\psi x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}x_{4}\\\partial _{1}f_{\psi }=5x_{1}^{4}-5\psi x_{0}x_{2}x_{3}x_{4}\\\partial _{2}f_{\psi }=5x_{2}^{4}-5\psi x_{0}x_{1}x_{3}x_{4}\\\partial _{3}f_{\psi }=5x_{3}^{4}-5\psi x_{0}x_{1}x_{2}x_{4}\\\partial _{4}f_{\psi }=5x_{4}^{4}-5\psi x_{0}x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}\\\end{aligned}}}$

At a point where the partial derivatives are all zero, this gives the relation ${\displaystyle x_{i}^{5}=\psi x_{0}x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}x_{4}}$. For example, in ${\displaystyle \partial _{0}f_{\psi }}$ we get

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}5x_{0}^{4}&=5\psi x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}x_{4}\\x_{0}^{4}&=\psi x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}x_{4}\\x_{0}^{5}&=\psi x_{0}x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}x_{4}\end{aligned}}}$

by dividing out the ${\displaystyle 5}$ and multiplying each side by ${\displaystyle x_{0}}$. From multiplying these families of equations ${\displaystyle x_{i}^{5}=\psi x_{0}x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}x_{4}}$ together we have the relation

${\displaystyle \prod x_{i}^{5}=\psi ^{5}\prod x_{i}^{5}}$

showing a solution is either given by an ${\displaystyle x_{i}=0}$ or ${\displaystyle \psi ^{5}=1}$. But in the first case, these give a smooth sublocus since the varying term in ${\displaystyle f_{\psi }}$ vanishes, so a singular point must lie in ${\displaystyle \psi ^{5}=1}$. Given such a ${\displaystyle \psi }$, the singular points are then of the form

${\displaystyle [\mu _{5}^{a_{0}}:\cdots$ :\mu _{5}^{a_{4}}]} such that ${\displaystyle \mu _{5}^{\sum a_{i}}=\psi ^{-1}}$

where ${\displaystyle \mu _{5}=e^{2\pi i/5}}$. For example, the point

${\displaystyle [\mu _{5}^{4}:\mu _{5}^{-1}:\mu _{5}^{-1}:\mu _{5}^{-1}:\mu _{5}^{-1}]}$

is a solution of both ${\displaystyle f_{1}}$ and its partial derivatives since ${\displaystyle (\mu _{5}^{i})^{5}=(\mu _{5}^{5})^{i}=1^{i}=1}$, and ${\displaystyle \psi =1}$.

Other examples

• Barth–Nieto quintic
• Consani–Scholten quintic

Curves on a quintic threefold

Computing the number of rational curves of degree ${\displaystyle 1}$ can be computed explicitly using Schubert calculus. Let ${\displaystyle T^{*}}$ be the rank ${\displaystyle 2}$ vector bundle on the Grassmannian ${\displaystyle G(2,5)}$ of ${\displaystyle 2}$-planes in some rank ${\displaystyle 5}$ vector space. Projectivizing ${\displaystyle G(2,5)}$ to ${\displaystyle \mathbb {G} (1,4)}$ gives the projective grassmannian of degree 1 lines in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{4}}$ and ${\displaystyle T^{*}}$ descends to a vector bundle on this projective Grassmannian. It's total chern class is

${\displaystyle c(T^{*})=1+\sigma _{1}+\sigma _{1,1}}$

in the Chow ring ${\displaystyle A^{\bullet }(\mathbb {G} (1,4))}$. Now, a section ${\displaystyle l\in \Gamma (\mathbb {G} (1,4),T^{*})}$ of the bundle corresponds to a linear homogeneous polynomial, ${\displaystyle {\tilde {l}}\in \Gamma (\mathbb {P} ^{4},{\mathcal {O}}(1))}$, so a section of ${\displaystyle {\text{Sym}}^{5}(T^{*})}$ corresponds to a quintic polynomial, a section of ${\displaystyle \Gamma (\mathbb {P} ^{4},{\mathcal {O}}(5))}$. Then, in order to calculate the number of lines on a generic quintic threefold, it suffices to compute the integral

${\displaystyle \int _{\mathbb {G} (1,4)}c({\text{Sym}}^{5}(T^{*}))=2875}$[5]

This can be done by using the splitting principle. Since

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}c(T^{*})&=(1+\alpha )(1+\beta )\\&=1+(\alpha +\beta )+\alpha \beta \end{aligned}}}$

and for a dimension ${\displaystyle 2}$ vector space, ${\displaystyle V=V_{1}\oplus V_{2}}$,

${\displaystyle {\text{Sym}}^{5}(V)=\bigoplus _{i=0}^{5}(V_{1}^{\otimes 5-i}\otimes V_{2}^{\otimes i})}$

so the total chern class of ${\displaystyle {\text{Sym}}^{5}(T^{*})}$ is given by the product

${\displaystyle c({\text{Sym}}^{5}(T^{*}))=\prod _{i=0}^{5}(1+(5-i)\alpha +i\beta )}$

Then, the euler class, or the top class is

${\displaystyle 5\alpha (4\alpha +\beta )(3\alpha +2\beta )(2\alpha +3\beta )(\alpha +4\beta )5\beta }$

expanding this out in terms of the original chern classes gives

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}c_{6}({\text{Sym}}^{5}(T^{*}))&=25\sigma _{1,1}(4\sigma _{1}^{2}+9\sigma _{1,1})(6\sigma _{1}^{2}+\sigma _{1,1})\\&=(100\sigma _{2,2}+225\sigma _{2,2})(6\sigma _{1}^{2}+\sigma _{1,1})\\&=325\sigma _{2,2}(6\sigma _{1}^{2}+\sigma _{1,1})\end{aligned}}}$

using the relations ${\displaystyle \sigma _{1,1}\cdot \sigma _{1}^{2}=\sigma _{2,2}}$, ${\displaystyle \sigma _{1,1}^{2}=\sigma _{2,2}}$.

Rational curves

Herbert Clemens (1984) conjectured that the number of rational curves of a given degree on a generic quintic threefold is finite. (Some smooth but non-generic quintic threefolds have infinite families of lines on them.) This was verified for degrees up to 7 by Sheldon Katz (1986) who also calculated the number 609250 of degree 2 rational curves. Philip Candelas, Xenia C. de la Ossa, and Paul S. Green et al. (1991) conjectured a general formula for the virtual number of rational curves of any degree, which was proved by Givental (1996) (the fact that the virtual number equals the actual number relies on confirmation of Clemens' conjecture, currently known for degree at most 11 Cotterill (2012)). The number of rational curves of various degrees on a generic quintic threefold is given by

2875, 609250, 317206375, 242467530000, ...(sequence A076912 in the OEIS).

Since the generic quintic threefold is a Calabi–Yau threefold and the moduli space of rational curves of a given degree is a discrete, finite set (hence compact), these have well-defined Donaldson–Thomas invariants (the "virtual number of points"); at least for degree 1 and 2, these agree with the actual number of points.

See also

• Mirror symmetry (string theory)
• Gromov–Witten invariant
• Jacobian ideal - gives an explicit basis for the Hodge-decomposition
• Deformation theory
• Hodge structure
• Schubert calculus - techniques for determining the number of lines on a quintic threefold

References

1. Robbert Dijkgraaf (29 March 2015). "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Quantum Physics in Modern Mathematics". youtube.com. Trev M. Retrieved 10 September 2015. see 29 minutes 57 seconds
2. Albano, Alberto; Katz, Sheldon (1991). "Lines on the Fermat quintic threefold and the infinitesimal generalized Hodge conjecture". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 324 (1): 353–368. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1991-1024767-6. ISSN 0002-9947.
3. Candelas, Philip; De La Ossa, Xenia C.; Green, Paul S.; Parkes, Linda (1991-07-29). "A pair of Calabi-Yau manifolds as an exactly soluble superconformal theory". Nuclear Physics B. 359 (1): 21–74. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90292-6. ISSN 0550-3213.
4. Gross, Mark; Huybrechts, Daniel; Joyce, Dominic (2003). Ellingsrud, Geir; Olson, Loren; Ranestad, Kristian; Stromme, Stein A. (eds.). Calabi-Yau Manifolds and Related Geometries: Lectures at a Summer School in Nordfjordeid, Norway, June 2001. Universitext. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 123–125. ISBN 978-3-540-44059-8.
5. Katz, Sheldon. Enumerative Geometry and String Theory. p. 108.

• Arapura, Donu, "Computing Some Hodge Numbers" (PDF)
• Candelas, Philip; de la Ossa, Xenia C.; Green, Paul S.; Parkes, Linda (1991), "A pair of Calabi-Yau manifolds as an exactly soluble superconformal theory", Nuclear Physics B, 359 (1): 21–74, doi:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90292-6, MR 1115626
• Clemens, Herbert (1984), "Some results about Abel-Jacobi mappings", Topics in transcendental algebraic geometry (Princeton, N.J., 1981/1982), Ann. of Math. Stud., 106, Princeton University Press, pp. 289–304, MR 0756858
• Cotterill, Ethan (2012), "Rational curves of degree 11 on a general quintic 3-fold", The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, 63 (3): 539–568, doi:10.1093/qmath/har001, MR 2967162
• Cox, David A.; Katz, Sheldon (1999), Mirror symmetry and algebraic geometry, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, 68, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-1059-0, MR 1677117
• Givental, Alexander B. (1996), "Equivariant Gromov-Witten invariants", International Mathematics Research Notices, 1996 (13): 613–663, doi:10.1155/S1073792896000414, MR 1408320
• Katz, Sheldon (1986), "On the finiteness of rational curves on quintic threefolds", Compositio Mathematica, 60 (2): 151–162, MR 0868135
• Pandharipande, Rahul (1998), "Rational curves on hypersurfaces (after A. Givental)", Astérisque, 1997/98 (252): 307–340, arXiv:math/9806133, MR 1685628