Qara Osman

Full name
	Baha-ud-Din Qara Yuluk Osman

Qara Osman
Qara Osman
	Ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu
Reign	1378 – 1435
Predecessor	Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh
Successor	Ali
Born	1356
Died	1435 (aged 79)
Wives	Daughter of Alexios III of Trebizond; Niece of Rustam ibn Tarkhan
Issue	Yaqub; Hamza; Mahmud; Ali; Shaikh Hasan; Murad
Full name
	Baha-ud-Din Qara Yuluk Osman
Dynasty	Aq Qoyunlu
Father	Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh
Mother	Maria Comnene of Trebizond

Qara Osman (Azerbaijani: Qara Yuluq Osman Bəy, Turkish: Kara Yülük Osman Bey) (reigned 1378–1435) was a late 14th and early 15th-century leader of the Turkoman[1] tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu in what is now eastern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq.

Early beginnings

He was born Baha-ud-Din Osman and was later given the nickname Qara Iluk or Qara Yuluk meaning The Black Leech.[2] Qara Osman was the son of Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh, likely by his Greek wife, Maria, sister of Alexios III of Trebizond. He is estimated to have been born c. 1356.[3] According to Byzantine and Aq Qoyunlu sources, he later married his maternal cousin,[4] a daughter of Alexios III and his consort Theodora Kantakouzene.

He was afraid of the intentions of his brothers, Ahmed and Pir Ali, when they joined Kadi Burhan al-Din of Sivas. He eventually killed his opponents and took over their territories in 1398 but retreated from Erzinjan on arrival of the Ottomans under Süleyman Çelebi.[2]

Rise

When Timur invaded the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia, the Aq Qoyunlu sided with him in support and fought alongside the Timurids against the Ottomans. For his services Qara Osman was given Diyarbakır in 1402.[5]

War with Kara Koyunlu

Preceded by Ahmed bin Qutlugh	Ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu 1378-1435	Succeeded by Hamza

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References

Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38;"Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
Edward Granville Browne (2009). A History of Persian Literature Under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265-1502). CUP Archive.
John E. Woods, The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (1999) p. 34, 245-6
ERDEM, Ilhan, The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456), University of Ankara, Turkey
Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9781438126760.

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[1] Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38;"Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."

[autogenerated1-2] Edward Granville Browne (2009). A History of Persian Literature Under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265-1502). CUP Archive.

[3] John E. Woods, The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (1999) p. 34, 245-6

[4] ERDEM, Ilhan, The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456), University of Ankara, Turkey

[5] Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9781438126760.