Purpura

Purpura (/ˈpɜːrpjʊərə/[1]) is a condition of red or purple discolored spots on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. The spots are caused by bleeding underneath the skin secondary to platelet disorders, vascular disorders, coagulation disorders, or other causes.[2] They measure 3–10 mm,[3] whereas petechiae measure less than 3 mm, and ecchymoses greater than 1 cm.[4]

For other uses, see Purpura (disambiguation).
Purpura
Petechiae and purpura on the lower limb due to medication-induced vasculitis
SpecialtyDermatology, hematology

Purpura is common with typhus and can be present with meningitis caused by meningococci or septicaemia. In particular, meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis), a Gram-negative diplococcus organism, releases endotoxin when it lyses. Endotoxin activates the Hageman factor (clotting factor XII), which causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The DIC is what appears as a rash on the affected individual.

Classification

Purpura are a common and nonspecific medical sign; however, the underlying mechanism commonly involves one of:

Cases of psychogenic purpura are also described in the medical literature,[6] some claimed to be due to "autoerythrocyte sensitization". Other studies[7] suggest the local (cutaneous) activity of tissue plasminogen activator can be increased in psychogenic purpura, leading to substantial amounts of localized plasmin activity, rapid degradation of fibrin clots, and resultant bleeding. Petechial rash is also characteristic of a rickettsial infection.

Etymology and pronunciation

The word purpura (/ˈpɜːrpɜːrə/) comes from Latin purpura, "purple", which came from ancient Greek πορφύρα. Purpura is a mass noun naming the condition or state, not the name of an individual spot (thus there is no *pupurum, *purpura or *purpura, *purpurae count declension).

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See also

References
  1. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/purpura
  2. "UCSF Purpura Module" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-02.
  3. McKenzie, Shirlyn B. (2014). Clinical Laboratory Hematology. Williams, Joanne Lynne; Landis-Piwowar, Kristin (3rd ed.). Boston. p. 665. ISBN 978-0133076011. OCLC 878098857.
  4. Robbins basic pathology. Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C.; Perkins, James A. (10th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 2017-03-28. p. 101. ISBN 978-0323353175. OCLC 960844656.CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. Muirhead, Trevor T.; Eide, Melody J. (2011). "Toxic Effects of Levamisole in a Cocaine User". New England Journal of Medicine. The New England Journal of Medicine. 364 (24): e52. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm1008722. PMID 21675882.
  6. Anderson JE, DeGoff W, McNamara M (1999). "Autoerythrocyte sensitization (psychogenic purpura): a case report and review of the literature". Pediatric Emergency Care. 15 (1): 47–48. doi:10.1097/00006565-199902000-00014. PMID 10069314.
  7. Lotti T, Benci M, Sarti MG, Teofoli P, Senesi C, Bonan P, et al. (1993). "Psychogenic purpura with abnormally increased tPA dependent cutaneous fibrinolytic activity". International Journal of Dermatology. 32 (7): 521–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb02840.x. PMID 8340191.
Classification
External resources
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