Punnet

A punnet is a small box or square basket for the gathering, transport and sale of fruit and vegetables, typically for small berries susceptible to bruising, spoiling and squashing that are therefore best kept in small rigid containers. Punnets serve also as a rough measure for a quantity of irregular sized fruits.[1]

For the genetics diagram, see Punnett square.
Empty punnets

Etymology

The word is largely confined to Commonwealth countries (but not Canada) and is of uncertain origin, but is thought to be a diminutive of "pun", a British dialect word for pound, from the days in which such containers were used as a unit of measurement. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, parenthetically in its entry for geneticist R. C. Punnett (1875–1967), credits "a strawberry growing ancestor [who] devised the wooden basket known as a 'punnet'".[2]

History and description
Strawberry seller carrying pottles, 1688, reworked and published after c.1750 Etching

Prior form

In the late eighteenth century strawberries and some soft fruit were sold in pottles; conical woodchip baskets (see illustration, right) the tapering shape being thought to reduce damage to fruit at the bottom. The pottle used in England and Scotland at that time contained nominally, one Scottish pint. They were stacked, fifty or sixty together, into square hampers for transport to the market placed upon a woman's head on a small cushion, and over longer distances in a light carriage of frame work hung on springs.[3]

The Saturday Magazine in 1834 records 'pottle baskets' being made by women and children in their homes for six pence a dozen by steeping the cut wood in water, and splitting it into strips of dimensions needed for each part of the basket. The most skilful weavers formed the upright supports of the basket, fixing them in their place by weaving the bottom part. Children wove the sides with pliable strips of fir or willow.[4]

Development

Pottles were replaced in the mid-1800s by the more practical rectangular punnet. The terms 'pottle' and 'punnet' were often used interchangeably. As reported in an 1879 issue of The Gentleman's Magazine, the conical pottle had given way to the punnet, being mainly manufactured in Brentford of deal, or the more preferred willow, by hundreds of women and children.[4]

Purpose

A 1852 publication lists other produce being sold in punnets in British markets including sea kale, mushrooms, small salad and tomatoes.[5]

Punnets are used for collecting berries as well as for selling them, thus reducing handling of the fragile fruits and the likely damage that it could cause. The process is recorded in a 1948 poem by New Zealand author Mabel Christmas-Harvey;[6]

Knees are aching, backs are breaking
Ladies fair who eat our spoils
Have you ever 'midst enjoyment
Realised our painful toils?

Forty, fifty in a punnet,
Each one picked by hand with care,
For a penny paid each punnet...
Thus you get your dainty fare.

North America

In North America commercial strawberry horticulture began around 1820 and the fruits were packed in the same manner as that approved by English gardeners; in 1821 it was recommended that Massachusetts strawberry growers carry berries to the Boston markets in "pottles, that is, in inverted cones of basket work.”[7] The English punnet used in the strawberry trade of New York City between 1815 and 1850 was a round shallow basket of woven wickerwork without handles. A handled punnet became more popular in the New York market, as related in the Proceedings of the New Jersey Horticultural Society by Charles W. Idell, who resided in Hoboken and managed a produce market at the foot of Barclay Street, New York:[8]

The first strawberries marketed in New York were wild ones from Bergen County, N. J. The negroes there the first to pick this fruit for the New York market and invented those quaint oId fashioned splint baskets with handles. The baskets were strung on poles and thus peddled through the city.

Manufacture

A 1903 work[9] describes the construction of punnets;

"Strawberry punnets or baskets as used by fruiterers are made of thin strips of wood, well soaked before use. The bottom and uprights are comprised of six pieces of 1/16” wood; the bottom and side pieces may be of ash and the lacings, which are 1/32” thick and 1” wide, may be of pine."

By 1969 punnets in the United Kingdom were being made out of thinly lathed poplar wood peelers using a semi-mechanical system. While factory workers still had to interlace the laths, metal staples were used to fix the strips.[10]

Present day forms

Contemporary punnets are generally made in a variety of dimensions of semi-rigid, transparent, lightweight Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with lockable lids, or of clamshell design, and with vents. Their advantage is that they permit visual examination by the consumer but discourage physical contact with the merchandise at point of sale.[11].

As early as 1911 cardboard punnets with wire handles were being used[12] and increasingly, moulded pulp and corrugated fiberboard[13] are being used as they are perceived to be more sustainable materials. Decorative punnets are often made of felt and seen in flower and craft arrangements.

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References
  1. Earley, William (1992), The garden farmer. Profitable market gardening : Adapted for the use of all growers and gardeners. By William Earley, L. Upcott Gill, 170, Strand W.C, p. 105, retrieved 20 August 2019
  2. Edwards, J. H. (2020). "Punnett, Reginald Crundall (1875–1967)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37869. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  3. Horticultural Society of London (1826), Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London VI, The Society, p. 513
  4. Pbreber (2015-06-01). "Researching Food History, Cooking and Dining: Strawberries in Pottles and Punnets". Researching Food History - Cooking and Dining. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
  5. Johnson, George William (1852), Cottage gardener and country gentleman's companion, Wm. S. Orr, retrieved 20 August 2019
  6. Noel (1948), The strawberry patch and leaves from life, M. Christmas-Harvey, retrieved 19 August 2019
  7. Memoirs of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society VI 1821
  8. Proceedings of the New Jersey Horticultural Society 1877 p.26 cited in Fletcher, S. W (1917), The strawberry in North America : history, origin, botany, and breeding, Macmillan
  9. Hasluck, Paul N. (Paul Nooncree) (1902), Basket work of all kinds, Cassell
  10. "Machine-made lath baskets at the Crownpoint Box Factory | Woven Communities". Retrieved 2019-08-18.
  11. Thompson, A. K. (A. Keith) (2015), Fruit and vegetables : harvesting, handling and storage (Third ed.), West Sussex, England John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-118-65404-0
  12. Bunyard, G. (1911). Fruit farming for profit (rev. to 1911): A practical treatise ... with detailed instructions for successful commercial culture on the Kent system. Maidstone: Vivish & Baker.
  13. Siddiqui, Mohammed Wasim, ed. (2018), Preharvest modulation of postharvest fruit and vegetable quality, Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-12-809808-0
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