Proxy ARP

Proxy ARP is a technique by which a proxy device on a given network answers the ARP queries for an IP address that is not on that network. The proxy is aware of the location of the traffic's destination, and offers its own MAC address as the (ostensibly final) destination.[1] The traffic directed to the proxy address is then typically routed by the proxy to the intended destination via another interface or via a tunnel.

The process, which results in the node responding with its own MAC address to an ARP request for a different IP address for proxying purposes, is sometimes referred to as publishing.

Uses

Below are some typical uses for proxy ARP:

Joining a broadcast LAN with serial links (e.g., dialup or VPN connections).
Assume an Ethernet broadcast domain (e.g., a group of stations connected to the same hub or switch (VLAN)) using a certain IPv4 address range (e.g., 192.168.0.0/24, where 192.168.0.1 – 192.168.0.127 are assigned to wired nodes). One or more of the nodes is an access router accepting dialup or VPN connections. The access router gives the dial-up nodes IP addresses in the range 192.168.0.128 – 192.168.0.254; for this example, assume a dial-up node gets IP address 192.168.0.254.
The access router uses Proxy ARP to make the dial-up node present in the subnet without being wired into the Ethernet: the access server 'publishes' its own MAC address for 192.168.0.254. Now, when another node wired into the Ethernet wants to talk to the dial-up node, it will ask on the network for the MAC address of 192.168.0.254 and find the access server's MAC address. It will therefore send its IP packets to the access server, and the access server will know to pass them on to the particular dial-up node. All dial-up nodes therefore appear to the wired Ethernet nodes as if they are wired into the same Ethernet subnet.
Taking multiple addresses from a LAN
Assume a station (e.g., a server) with an interface (10.0.0.2) connected to a network (10.0.0.0/24). Certain applications may require multiple IP addresses on the server. Provided the addresses have to be from the 10.0.0.0/24 range, the way the problem is solved is through Proxy ARP. Additional addresses (say, 10.0.0.230-10.0.0.240) are aliased to the loopback interface of the server (or assigned to special interfaces, the latter typically being the case with VMware/UML/jails/vservers/other virtual server environments) and 'published' on the 10.0.0.2 interface (although many operating systems allow direct allocation of multiple addresses to one interface, thus eliminating the need for such tricks).
On a firewall
In this scenario a firewall can be configured with a single IP address. One simple example of a use for this would be placing a firewall in front of a single host or group of hosts on a subnetwork. Example- A network (10.0.0.0/8) has a server which should be protected (10.0.0.20) a proxy-arp firewall can be placed in front of the server. In this way the server is put behind a firewall without making any changes to the network at all.
Mobile-IP
In case of Mobile-IP the Home Agent uses Proxy ARP in order to receive messages on behalf of the Mobile Node, so that it can forward the appropriate message to the actual mobile node's address (Care-of address).
Transparent subnet gatewaying
A setup that involves two physical segments sharing the same IP subnet and connected together via a router. This use is documented in RFC 1027.
Redundancy

ARP manipulation techniques are the basis for protocols providing redundancy on broadcast networks (e.g., Ethernet), most notably Common Address Redundancy Protocol and Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol.

Disadvantages

Disadvantage of Proxy ARP include scalability as ARP resolution by a proxy is required for every device routed in this manner, and reliability as no fallback mechanism is present, and masquerading can be confusing in some environments.

Proxy ARP can create DoS attacks on networks if misconfigured. For example, a misconfigured router with proxy ARP has the ability to receive packets destined for other hosts (as it gives its own MAC address in response to ARP requests for other hosts/routers), but may not have the ability to correctly forward these packets on to their final destination, thus blackholing the traffic.

Proxy ARP can hide device misconfigurations, such as a missing or incorrect default gateway.

Implementations

OpenBSD implements Proxy ARP[2].

gollark: What?
gollark: We need some sort of simulation of trippable cables
gollark: What did yemmel explodinate?
gollark: What could POSSIBLY go wrong?!
gollark: `math.randomseed` works as usual in potatOS, *but* before any user code executes potatOS generates a random number and seeds the generator with that if the uninstall challenge is started.

References
  1. Hal Stern (October 10, 2001). "ARP networking tricks". ITworld.
  2. https://man.openbsd.org/arp.8

Further reading
  • RFC 925 – Multi-LAN Address Resolution
  • RFC 1027 – Using ARP to Implement Transparent Subnet Gateways
  • W. Richard Stevens. The Protocols (TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1). Addison-Wesley Professional; 1st edition (December 31, 1993). ISBN 0-201-63346-9
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