Polycrates of Argos

Polycrates of Argos, son of Mnasiades, was a Ptolemaic commander at the Battle of Raphia, as well as a governor of Cyprus and chancellor of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in the late third and early second centuries BC.[1]

Descended from an illustrious family from Argos, Polycrates joined the court of the Egyptian monarch Ptolemy IV Philopator, just before his campaign against Antiochus III in 217 BC. He was of great service in drilling and encouraging the Egyptian troops, and he commanded the cavalry on the left wing at the battle of Raphia, in which Antiochus was defeated, and which secured for Ptolemy the provinces of Coele-Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine.

Although still young, Polycrates was second to no one in the king's court, says Polybius, and was accordingly appointed by Ptolemy governor of Cyprus. He discharged the duties of this office with the utmost fidelity and integrity. He thus secured the island for Ptolemy V Epiphanes, the infant son and successor of Ptolemy IV and, on his return to Alexandria in about 196 BC, he brought with him a considerable sum of money for the king's use. He was received at Alexandria with great applause which made him a powerful influence in the kingdom.

But as he advanced in years, it is said that his character changed for the worse, and he indulged in every kind of vice and wickedness. Because of the loss of the later books of Polybius, Polycrates' subsequent career is unknown, but a fragment that has survived from the historian's books suggest that it was through his poor advice that Ptolemy took no part in military affairs, although he was only 25 years old.

Polycrates was married to Zeuxo of Cyrene and had three daughters: Zeuxo, Encrateia and Hermione.[2]

Following his father's example as an athlete, Polycrates was a winner of the horse races at the Panathenaic Games from 192 to 184 BC, as were his wife and daughters. At that time, it was rare for women to participate in these races. For this reason they are frequently mentioned in texts from the Hellenistic period.[3]

References

1. Polybius V 84.
2. "Polycrates". Shelfed. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
3. Sarah B. Pomeroy (1990). Women in Hellenistic Egypt: from Alexander to Cleopatra. Wayne State University Press. p. 23.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William (editor); "Polycrates (3)", in Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. (1867). p. 459 – 460.