Polka-dot tree frog

The polka-dot tree frog (Boana punctata), also known as the dotted tree frog, is a frog species in the family Hylidae found in much of South America and also in Trinidad and Tobago. It is fairly small with a snout–to–vent length of c. 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in).[1]

Polka-dot tree frog

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Hylidae
Genus: Boana
Species:
B. punctata
Binomial name
Boana punctata
(Schneider, 1799)
Range in green
Synonyms
  • Hypsiboas punctatus (Schneider, 1799)

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical swamps, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, rural gardens, urban areas, and heavily degraded former forests. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.[2]

Pigmentation and skin fluorescence
Fluorescent polka-dot tree frog under UV-light

In 2017, several polka-dot tree frogs collected in the Santa Fe Province in Argentina were the first amphibian, amongst more than 6,000 species of frog, identified as naturally fluorescent.[3][4][5] Among land-living vertebrates, it had only been confirmed earlier in certain parrots (as opposed to fish and invertebrates where relatively widespread).[3] A few months later, fluorescence was discovered in the closely related Hypsiboas atlanticus,[6] and in 2019 it was discovered in the distantly related pumpkin toadlet (Brachycephalus ephippium) and red pumpkin toadlet (B. pitanga).[7] In 2020, it was confirmed that fluorescence is relatively widespread among frogs and other amphibians.[8]

When exposed to ultra-violet light, the skin of the polka-dot tree frog emits a bright green fluorescent glow. The discovery was made accidentally when the researchers checked the skin secretions of the frog under UV light. They expected only a faint red fluorescence, because the frog skin contains biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment responsible for its dull mottled browny-green colour.[9] The surprising green fluorescence is attributed to hyloin compounds, mainly hyloin-L1, hyloin-L2 and hyloin-G1.[3][4] These fluorescent molecules, in the dihydroisoquinolinone family and derived from the isoquinoline (a benzene ring fused to a pyridine ring), in an alkaloid protecting mucous membrane, have been identified in the lymph tissue, skin and glandular secretions of the frog.[3] Because it is linked to secretions from skin glands, they can also leave fluorescent markings on surfaces where they have been.[6]

The fluorescence intensity represents about 18−29% of the luminosity under twilight conditions and is suspected to play a possible role in the communication, camouflage and mating of the frog.[3]

gollark: *is egg locked anyway*
gollark: It's so nice seeing all >300 trades.
gollark: Wait, saw <#319284484090363904>.
gollark: What are the egg descriptions?
gollark: Oh. Things happened?

References
  1. Ron, S.R.; M. Read (27 November 2019). "Boana punctata". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  2. La Marca, E., Scott, N., Aquino, L., Azevedo-Ramos, C., Coloma, L.A., Ron, S., Faivovich, J., Baldo, D. & Hardy, J. (2004). Hypsiboas punctatus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
  3. Taboada, Carlos; Brunetti, Andrés E.; Pedron, Federico N.; Neto, Fausto Carnevale; Estrin, Darío A.; Bari, Sara E.; Chemes, Lucía B.; Lopes, Norberto Peporine; Lagorio, María G.; Faivovich, Julián (2017-03-13). "Naturally occurring fluorescence in frogs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (14): 3672–3677. doi:10.1073/pnas.1701053114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5389305. PMID 28289227. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  4. Nowogrodzki, Anna (2017-03-16). "First fluorescent frog found". Nature News. 543 (7645): 297. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..297N. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.21616. PMID 28300130.
  5. Wong, Sam (2017-03-13). "Luminous frog is the first known naturally fluorescent amphibian". New Scientist. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  6. Taboada, C.; A.E. Brunetti; C. Alexandre; M.G. Lagorio; J. Faivovich (2017). "Fluorescent Frogs: A Herpetological Perspective". South American Journal of Herpetology. 12 (1): 1–13. doi:10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00029.1.
  7. Sandra Goutte; Matthew J. Mason; Marta M. Antoniazzi; Carlos Jared; Didier Merle; Lilian Cazes; Luís Felipe Toledo; Hanane el-Hafci; Stéphane Pallu; Hugues Portier; Stefan Schramm; Pierre Gueriau; Mathieu Thoury (2019). "Intense bone fluorescence reveals hidden patterns in pumpkin toadlets". Scientific Reports. 9: 5388. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41959-8. PMID 30926879.
  8. Lamb, J.Y.; M.P. Davis (2020). "Salamanders and other amphibians are aglow with biofluorescence". Scientific Reports. 10: 2821. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59528-9. PMID 32108141.
  9. Livsey, Anna (2017-03-14). "World's first fluorescent frog discovered in South America". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
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