Pogonomyrmex

Pogonomyrmex is a genus of harvester ants, occurring primarily in the deserts of North, Central, and South America, with a single endemic species from Haiti.[2]

Pogonomyrmex
P. barbatus worker
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Family:
Formicidae
Subfamily:
Myrmicinae
Tribe:
Pogonomyrmecini
Genus:
Pogonomyrmex

Mayr, 1868
Type species
Formica badia
Diversity[1]
69 species
Synonyms

Ephebomyrmex Wheeler, 1902
Forelomyrmex Wheeler, 1913
Janetia Forel, 1899

Description

The genus name originated from the Greek language and refers to a beard-like structure, the psammophore, below the head (Greek πώγων/pōgōn, "beard" + μύρμηξ/murmēx, "ant"), which can be found in most species of the subgenus sensu stricto. The psammophore is used for gathering small seeds, helping to increase the efficiency of transportation of fine sand and pebbles during nest construction, or to carry eggs. However, this structure is missing in species of the subgenus Ephebomyrmex (Greek ἔφηβος/ephēbos, "beardless lad"), and these species generally have smaller individuals and colonies.

Venom

Pogonomyrmex (sensu stricto) workers have the most toxic venom documented in any insects, with Pogonomyrmex maricopa being the most toxic tested thus far.[3] It has an LD50 of only 0.12 mg/kg, compared to western honey bee venom, at 2.8 mg/kg, and comparable to cobra venom. The venom is presumed to be an antivertebrate defense, specifically against predators that have evolved to selectively feed on them such as horned lizards. Very few insects have had the toxicity of their venoms formally tested, and other insects likely have more potent venoms.

Nests

These ants dig very deep nests with many underground chambers in which they keep seeds, from which they derive food for their larvae. The areas around most Pogonomyrmex (sensu stricto) nests tend to be utterly devoid of vegetation, and are easily seen from a distance.

Predation

In addition to horned lizards, predatory wasps in the genus Clypeadon feed only on Pogonomyrmex workers, paralyzing them with their venom, and carrying them back to a burrow where they will serve as food for the wasp's larva.[2]

Species

As of 2014, there are 69 extant and 1 fossil species in the genus.[1]

  • Pogonomyrmex abdominalis Santschi, 1929
  • Pogonomyrmex andinus Kusnezov, 1951
  • Pogonomyrmex anergismus Cole, 1954
  • Pogonomyrmex angustus Mayr, 1870
  • Pogonomyrmex anzensis Cole, 1968
  • Pogonomyrmex apache Wheeler, 1902
  • Pogonomyrmex atratus Santschi, 1922
  • Pogonomyrmex badius (Latreille, 1802)
  • Pogonomyrmex barbatus (Smith, 1858)
  • Pogonomyrmex bicolor Cole, 1968
  • Pogonomyrmex bigbendensis Francke & Merickel, 1982
  • Pogonomyrmex bispinosus (Spinola, 1851)
  • Pogonomyrmex brevibarbis Emery, 1906
  • Pogonomyrmex brevispinosus Cole, 1968
  • Pogonomyrmex bruchi Forel, 1913
  • Pogonomyrmex californicus (Buckley, 1866)
  • Pogonomyrmex carbonarius Mayr, 1868
  • Pogonomyrmex catanlilensis Gallardo, 1931
  • Pogonomyrmex coarctatus Mayr, 1868
  • Pogonomyrmex colei Snelling, 1982
  • Pogonomyrmex comanche Wheeler, 1902
  • Pogonomyrmex cunicularius Mayr, 1887
  • Pogonomyrmex desertorum Wheeler, 1902
  • †Pogonomyrmex fossilis Carpenter, 1930
  • Pogonomyrmex guatemaltecus Wheeler, 1914
  • Pogonomyrmex hoelldobleri Johnson, Overson & Moreau, 2013[4]
  • Pogonomyrmex huachucanus Wheeler, 1914
  • Pogonomyrmex humerotumidus Vásquez-Bolaños & Mackay, 2004
  • Pogonomyrmex imberbiculus Wheeler, 1902
  • Pogonomyrmex inermis Forel, 1914
  • Pogonomyrmex kusnezovi Cuezzo & Claver, 2009[5]
  • Pogonomyrmex laevigatus Santschi, 1921
  • Pogonomyrmex laevinodis Snelling, 1982
  • Pogonomyrmex laticeps Santschi, 1922
  • Pogonomyrmex lobatus Santschi, 1921
  • Pogonomyrmex longibarbis Gallardo, 1931
  • Pogonomyrmex magnacanthus Cole, 1968
  • Pogonomyrmex marcusi Kusnezov, 1951
  • Pogonomyrmex maricopa Wheeler, 1914
  • Pogonomyrmex mayri Forel, 1899
  • Pogonomyrmex mendozanus Cuezzo & Claver, 2009[5]
  • Pogonomyrmex meridionalis Kusnezov, 1951
  • Pogonomyrmex micans Forel, 1914
  • Pogonomyrmex mohavensis Johnson & Overson, 2009[6]
  • Pogonomyrmex montanus MacKay, 1980
  • Pogonomyrmex naegelii Emery, 1878
  • Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Cresson, 1865)
  • Pogonomyrmex odoratus Kusnezov, 1949
  • Pogonomyrmex pima Wheeler, 1909
  • Pogonomyrmex pronotalis Santschi, 1922
  • Pogonomyrmex rastratus Mayr, 1868
  • Pogonomyrmex rugosus Emery, 1895
  • Pogonomyrmex salinus Olsen, 1934
  • Pogonomyrmex saucius Wheeler & Mann, 1914
  • Pogonomyrmex schmitti Forel, 1901
  • Pogonomyrmex snellingi Taber, 1998
  • Pogonomyrmex stefani Lattke, 2006[7]
  • Pogonomyrmex striatinodus Fernández & Palacio, 1998
  • Pogonomyrmex subdentatus Mayr, 1870
  • Pogonomyrmex subnitidus Emery, 1895
  • Pogonomyrmex sylvestris Lattke, 1991
  • Pogonomyrmex tenuipubens Santschi, 1936
  • Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus Forel, 1914
  • Pogonomyrmex texanus Francke & Merickel, 1982
  • Pogonomyrmex theresiae Forel, 1899
  • Pogonomyrmex uruguayensis Mayr, 1887
  • Pogonomyrmex variabilis Santschi, 1916
  • Pogonomyrmex vermiculatus Emery, 1906
  • Pogonomyrmex wheeleri Olsen, 1934
  • P. californicus
  • P. barbatus with psammophore visible
  • Pogonomyrmex collecting food item
  • Larvae of P. barbatus
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References
  1. Bolton, B. (2014). "Pogonomyrmex". AntCat. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  2. Cole, A.C. 1968. Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants: a study of the genus in North America. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN.
  3. W. L. Meyer (1996-05-01). "Chapter 23 — Most Toxic Insect Venom". Book of Insect Records. University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13.
  4. Johnson, R. A., et al. (2013). A new species of seed-harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex hoelldobleri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from the Mohave and Sonoran Deserts of North America. Zootaxa 3646(3), 201-27.
  5. Cuezzo, F. and S. Claver. (2009). Two new species of the ant genus Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Argentina. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent 68(1-2), 97-106.
  6. Johnson, R. A. and R. P. Overson. (2009). A new North american species of Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Mohave Desert of eastern California and western Nevada. Journal of Hymenptera Research 18(2), 305-14.
  7. Lattke, J. E. (2006). A new species of Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from gallery forests of the Orinoco Watershed, Venezuela. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8, 53-57.
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