Pneumolysin

Pneumolysin is a putative virulence factor of the Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae.[1]

3D structure of pneumolysin

It is a pore-forming toxin of 53 kDa composed of 471 amino acids.[2] It has a range of biological activity, including the ability to lyse[3] and interfere with the function of cells and soluble molecules of the immune system.[4]

Released pneumolysin will aid the bacteria during colonization, by facilitating adherence to the host,[5] during invasion by damaging host cells,[6] and during infection by interfering with the host immune response.[7]

The presence of pneumolysin in sputum,[8] urine,[9] CSF[10] and blood[11] can be indicative of an S. pneumoniae infection.

References
  1. Rossjohn, J; Gilbert, RJ; Crane, D; Morgan, PJ; et al. (Nov 27, 1998). "The molecular mechanism of pneumolysin, a virulence factor from Streptococcus pneumoniae". Journal of Molecular Biology. 284 (2): 449–61. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2167. PMID 9813129.
  2. Marriott, HM; Mitchell, TJ; Dockrell, DH (September 2008). "Pneumolysin: A double-edged sword during the host-pathogen interaction". Current Molecular Medicine. 8 (6): 497–509. doi:10.2174/156652408785747924. PMID 18781957.
  3. Baba, H; Kawamura, I; Kohda, C; Nomura, T; et al. (February 16, 2001). "Essential role of domain 4 of pneumolysin from Streptococcus pneumoniae in cytolytic activity as determined by truncated proteins". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 281 (1): 37–44. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.4297. PMID 11178957.
  4. Hirst, RA; Kadioglu, A; O'callaghan, C; Andrew, PW (November 2004). "The role of pneumolysin in pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 138 (2): 195–201. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02611.x. PMC 1809205. PMID 15498026.
  5. Rubins, JB; Paddock, AH; Charboneau, D; Berry, AM; et al. (December 1998). "Pneumolysin in pneumococcal adherence and colonization". Microbial Pathogenesis. 25 (6): 337–42. doi:10.1006/mpat.1998.0239. PMID 9895272.
  6. Rubins, JB; Janoff, EN (January 1998). "Pneumolysin: A multifunctional pneumococcal virulence factor". The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 131 (1): 21–7. doi:10.1016/s0022-2143(98)90073-7. PMID 9452123.
  7. Cockeran, R; Anderson, R; Feldman, C (June 2002). "The role of pneumolysin in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 15 (3): 235–9. doi:10.1097/00001432-200206000-00004. PMID 12015456.
  8. Wheeler, J; Freeman, R; Steward, M; Henderson, K; et al. (September 1999). "Detection of pneumolysin in sputum". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 48 (9): 863–6. doi:10.1099/00222615-48-9-863. PMID 10482298.
  9. Rajalakshmi, B; Kanungo, R; Srinivasan, S; Badrinath, S (Oct–Dec 2002). "Pneumolysin in urine: A rapid antigen detection method to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia in children". Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 20 (4): 183–6. PMID 17657067.
  10. Matos Jde, A; Madureira, DJ; Rebelo, MC; Hofer, CB; et al. (August 2006). "Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the gene for pneumolysin". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 101 (5): 559–63. doi:10.1590/s0074-02762006000500014. PMID 17072463.
  11. Lahti, E; Mertsola, J; Kontiokari, T; Eerola, E; et al. (December 2006). "Pneumolysin polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia and empyema in children". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 25 (12): 783–9. doi:10.1007/s10096-006-0225-9. PMID 17089094.
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