Phyllostachys edulis

Phyllostachys edulis, the moso bamboo,[2] or tortoise-shell bamboo,[2] or mao zhu (Chinese: 毛竹; pinyin: máozhú), (Japanese モウソウチク（孟宗竹）) is a temperate species of giant timber bamboo native to China and Taiwan and naturalised elsewhere, including Japan where it is widely distributed south of Hokkaido.[3] The edulis part of the Latin name refers to its edible shoots. This bamboo can reach heights of up to 28 m (92 ft).[4] This particular species of bamboo is the most common species used in the bamboo textile industry of China, for the production of rayon.

Phyllostachys edulis
Bamboo forest
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Genus:	Phyllostachys
Species:	P. edulis
Binomial name
Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J.Houz., 1906
Synonyms[1]
Bambos moosoo Siebold Bambusa edulis Carrière Bambusa heterocycla Carrière Bambusa mitis Carrière Bambusa pubescens Pradelle Phyllostachys bicolor Crouzet Phyllostachys heterocycla (Carrière) Matsum. Phyllostachys pubescens (Pradelle) Mazel ex J.Houz.

Bamboo shoots

Ecology

Phyllostachys edulis spreads using both asexual and sexual reproduction. The most common and well known mode for this plant is asexual reproduction. This occurs when the plant sends up new culms from underground rhizomes. The culms grow quickly and reach a height of 90 ft or more (depending on the age and health of the plant). In mature individuals, the culms in young plants grow taller and wider in diameter as the general plant reaches maturity, but once the individual culm stops growing it will not grow again. P. edulis also flowers and produces seed, and it does so every half century or so, but it has a sporadic flowering nature rather than the synchronous blooming seen in some other bamboo species. The seeds fall from the mature culms in the hundreds of thousands and are quick to germinate. Mice, field rats and other rodents take notice of the bounty of seed, this results in the loss of many of the seeds, but within a few weeks the surviving few seeds would have germinated (see Predator satiation). The first culm from a seedling will not get much taller than a few inches at most, and may be as thin as 2mm, but with every new season of culms sent up from developing rhizomes, the grove of plants will grow in height and cane diameter.

Polyporus phyllostachydis (Sotome, T. Hatt. & Kakish.), is a fungus species known from Japan, that grows on the ground on the living or dead roots of the bamboo.

Cultivation

Cultivars

Cultivars include:

• Phyllostachys edulis 'Bicolor'
• Phyllostachys edulis 'Kikko' or 'Kikko-Chiku' (Syn.: Phyllostachys edulis var. heterocycla)
• Phyllostachys edulis 'Subconvexa' (Syn.: Phyllostachys heterocycla f. subconvexa, Phyllostachys pubescens 'Subconvexa')
• Phyllostachys edulis 'Nabeshimana', (Syn.: Phyllostachys heterocycla f. nabeshimana, Phyllostachys pubescens f. luteosulcata)

Cultivation in the United States

In 2016 OnlyMoso USA initiated large scale commercial farming of Phyllostachys edulis in the United States, in the state of Florida, becoming the first entity to grow Moso bamboo from seedlings in large scale in the USA, including the development of nurseries to ensure a constant supply of viable plants for bamboo farmers.[5]

Biochemistry

Compounds isolated from P. edulis include:

• Hydroxycinnamic acids[6]
  • p-coumaric acid
  • caffeic acid
  • ferulic acid
• Chlorogenic acids[6]
  • chlorogenic acid (3-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl)quinic acid)
  • 3-O-(3‘-methylcaffeoyl)quinic acid
  • 5-O-caffeoyl-4-methylquinic acid
  • 3-O-caffeoyl-1-methylquinic acid (C₁₇H₂₀O₉, exact mass : 368.110732).
• Flavones
  • tricin[7][8]
  • 7-O-methyltricin [8]
  • Glycosylated flavones[7]
    • orientin [7]
    • isoorientin [7]
    • vitexin [7]
    • isovitexin [7]
    • 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-6-C-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside[7]
    • 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside[7]
    • 5,4'-dihydroxy-3',5',-dimethoxy-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside[7]
    • 5,7,3',4'-trihydroxy-6-C-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-[1→6])-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside[7]

References

1. "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Retrieved 31 May 2014.
2. "Phyllostachys edulis". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 31 May 2014.
3. Zheng-ping Wang & Chris Stapleton. "Phyllostachys edulis". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
4. Lewis, Daphne; Carol A. Miles (2008). Farming Bamboo. Lulu.com. pp. 155–165. ISBN 978-1-4357-0131-1.
5. "FLORIDAGRICULTURE October Issue 2017 Page 10". mydigitalpublication.com.
6. Identification and Antioxidant Activity of Novel Chlorogenic Acid Derivatives from Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Mee-Hyang Kweon, Han-Joon Hwang, and Ha-Chin Sung, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49 (10), pp 4646–4655
7. Antioxidant properties of major flavonoids and subfractions of the extract of Phyllostachys pubescens leaves. Guo, X. F., Yue, Y. D., Tang F., Wang, J., Yao, X. (2012). Journal of Food Biochemistry
8. Phyllostachys edulis Compounds Inhibit Palmitic Acid-Induced Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1) Production. Higa, J. K., Liang, Z., Williams, P. G., & Panee, J. (2012). PLOS ONE, 7(9), e45082.

See also