Phillis Wheatley Club

The Phillis Wheatley Club (also Phyllis Wheatley Club) are woman's clubs created by African Americans starting in the late 1800s. The first club was founded in Nashville, Tennessee in 1895. Some clubs are still active. The purpose of Phillis Wheatley Clubs varied from area to area, although most were involved in community and personal improvement. Some clubs helped in desegregation and voting rights efforts. The clubs were named after the poet, Phillis Wheatley.

Phyllis Wheatley Club, Buffalo, New York in 1905.

About

Phillis Wheatley Clubs worked on improving their neighborhoods and the lives of people in their communities.[1] Clubs were also involved in social reform.[2] In New Orleans, the Phyllis Wheatley Club founded the only training hospital for black doctors and nurses in 1896.[3] The hospital was originally named the Phyllis Wheatley Sanitarium and Training Hospital for Nurses.[3] The Chicago club created a home for young women without permanent housing.[4] The New Orleans club, which was founded by Sylvanie Francoz Williams, also opened a kindergarten and day care for working women and the club was also involved in black women's suffrage.[5] The club in Nashville, Tennessee purchased a home for older women in 1925.[6] The Billings, Montana club was instrumental in helping desegregate the city.[7] The Billings club also sponsored scholarships for young women.[7] Clubs, such as the Phyllis Wheatley Progressive Club in Pennsylvania, opened a night school in the late 1920s.[8]

Some clubs also emphasized continued learning.[9] The Phyllis Wheatley Club in Chicago also emphasized black literature.[10] Clubs also donated books in celebration of Black History Month to public libraries.[11] Atlanta's club helped build a reading room, also named after Phiillis Wheatley.[12] In Buffalo, the Phyllis Wheatley Club there celebrated the 30th anniversary of the ending of slavery with a play which they sponsored.[13] The club in Racine, Wisconsin in 1921 brought in Maud Cuney Hare and William H. Richardson to perform in order to show off black talent.[14] The Charleston, North Carolina club hosted events featuring prominent individuals in the black community such as Marian Anderson, Mary McCleod Bethune, Countee Cullen, W.E.B. DuBois, and Langston Hughes.[15] The club in Coshocton, Ohio, also promoted black figures in history, creating a program that featured individuals and inviting other clubs to attend the even annually.[16]

In order to pay for charity work and other endeavors, the clubs held fundraisers. These could be in the form of balls or dances, or theater and musical receptions.[17][18] In Tampa Bay, the Phyllis Wheatley Club sponsored an annual "Defense Dance" which raised money by charging a fee at the door.[19] Fundraising could go towards other non-profit groups, such as the NAACP.[15]

Clubs could be affiliated with the YWCA or worked independently.[20] The first club, started in Nashville, became affiliated with the National Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (NFCWC) in 1897.[6] Other clubs, such as the Fort Worth Phyllis Wheatley Club, were also affiliated with the NFCWC.[21]

Early club members were normally professional women or married to "prominent men in the community."[9] However, some Phillis Wheatley Clubs were made up of younger members.[22] Other clubs had members of many different demographics.[7][16] Clubs were named for the poet, Phillis Wheatley.[15] Many clubs have been and are still active into the 21st century. The El Paso, Texas Phillis Wheatley Club celebrated its 90th anniversary in 2005.[23]

Early history

1890s

The first Phillis Wheatley Club was created in Nashville, Tennessee in 1895.[20] Another club was formed in Chicago in 1896 and focused on neighborhood improvements and charity work.[1][24] It was founded by Elizabeth Lindsay Davis and was one of the first groups for African American women in the city.[25] Detroit's Phillis Wheatley Club was started in 1897.[20] Mame Josenberger, who founded the Phillis Wheatley Club in 1898 in Fort Smith, Arkansas, would go on to later serve as president of the Arkansas Association of Colored Women (AACW).[26]

1900s

The Newark, New Jersey Phillis Wheatley Club was founded in 1909 with a focus on literature.[27] Musette Brooks Gregory, a suffragist and civil rights advocate, served as one of the elected presidents of the Newark Club. [28]

1910s

In Cleveland, Jane Edna Hunter founded a group in 1911 that was later renamed the Phillis Wheatley Association.[29][30] The El Paso, Texas Phillis Wheatley Club was started in 1915.[23] Charleston, North Carolina started a club in 1916 which was named the Phillis Wheatley Literary and Social Club.[31] Another club was founded in 1918 in Billings, Montana and the first president was Mattie Hambright.[7] The Billings club would continue until 1972.[7] Dora Bell started a club in Racine, Wisconsin in 1919.[32] The Fort Scott, Kansas club was started in 1919 to "study current topics, civics and economics."[33]

1930s

In 1932, a club in Passaic, New Jersey worked to raise $5,000 for the creation of a black community center.[34] The Coshocton, Ohio club was started in 1933 a few months just before the 159th anniversary of the publication of "Poems" by Wheatley.[16] The Coshocton club was affiliated with the YWCA and started by Thelma Crowthers.[16]

Notable members
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See also

References
  1. Lerner 1974, p. 161.
  2. Knupfer 1997, p. 224.
  3. Hine, Darlene Clark; Thompson, Kathleen (1996). Facts on File encyclopedia of Black women in America. 11. New York: Facts on File. pp. 7. ISBN 0816034249 – via Internet Archive.
  4. Knupfer 1997, p. 227.
  5. "Sylvanie Francoz Williams". Voices of Progress · The Historic New Orleans Collection - Digital Exhibits. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  6. Mielnik, Tara Mitchell. "Phillis Wheatley Club". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  7. Pickett, Mary (20 February 2010). "Black women's group alters treatment of minorities in Billings". The Billings Gazette. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  8. "Progressive Club Has Organized Night School". The Daily Notes. 15 January 1927. Retrieved 24 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. Knupfer 1997, p. 223.
  10. Knupfer 1997, p. 223-224.
  11. "Phillis Wheatley Club Donates Library Book". El Paso Times. 14 February 1971. Retrieved 21 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. Bois, William Edward Burghardt Du (1909). Efforts for Social Betterment Among Negro Americans: Report of a Social Study Made by Atlanta University Under the Patronage of the Trustees of the John F. Slater Fund; Together with the Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference for the Study of the Negro Problems, Held at Atlanta University on Tuesday, May the 24th, 1909. Atlanta University Press. pp. 53. phillis wheatley club.
  13. "Immense Production by Negroes". Buffalo Courier. 14 April 1901. Retrieved 20 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. "Phyllis Wheatley Club Will Give Fine Concert". The Journal Times. 28 December 1921. Retrieved 20 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. "Ongoing Exhibit: The Phillis Wheatley Literary and Social Club: Fostering Civic Engagement, Intellectual Exchange and Female Solidarity". Not Just in February. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  16. Reisman, Deborah (29 January 1978). "PHillis Wheatley Club". The Tribune. Retrieved 24 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. Knupfer 1997, p. 228-229.
  18. "Special! Extra! Special! A Benefit Performance". The Broad Ax. 2 February 1907. Retrieved 20 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. "Phyllis Wheatley Club Has Springtime Defense Dance". Tampa Bay Times. 14 June 1942. Retrieved 20 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. Anderson, Meg (2009-05-17). "Phyllis Wheatley Women's Clubs (1895- ) • BlackPast". BlackPast. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  21. Winegarten, Ruthe (13 June 2010). "Texas Association of Women's Clubs". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  22. Williamson, Jerrelene (2010). African Americans in Spokane. Arcadia Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 9780738570112.
  23. "Phillis Wheatley Club Anniversary". El Paso Times. 29 May 2005. Retrieved 21 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. Knupfer 1997, p. 222.
  25. Knupfer 1997, p. 221.
  26. Jones-Branch, Cherisse. "Arkansas Association of Colored Women". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  27. "Phillis Wheatley Club Hears Pansy Borders". The Montclair Times. 19 March 1959. Retrieved 24 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. Hendrickson, Lisa (2019). "Biography of Musette Brooks Gregory, 1876-1921". Alexandria Street. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  29. Lerner 1974, p. 162.
  30. "Hunter, Jane Edna (Harris)". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  31. "Inventory of the Phillis Wheatley Literary and Social Club Papers, 1916 - 2011". Avery Research Center. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  32. Murdoch, Mary (4 March 1999). "Remarkable Women Honored During March". The Journal Times. Retrieved 20 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. "At the Churches". Fort Scott Daily Tribune-Monitor. 31 December 1921. Retrieved 24 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. "Phyllis Wheatley Club in Drive for $5,000". The Herald-News. 8 April 1932. Retrieved 29 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. Who's Who in Colored America (Yenser 1942): 355.
  36. "Phillis Wheatley Club Names Woman of the Year". El Paso Times. 4 June 1978. Retrieved 31 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  37. "Talbert timeline". African American History of Western New York. Retrieved 2019-05-31.

Sources
  • Knupfer, Anne Meis (Spring 1997). "'If You Can't Push, Pull, If You Can't Pull, Please Get Out of the Way': The Phyllis Wheatley Club and Home in Chicago, 1896 to 1920". The Journal of Negro History. 82 (2): 221–231. doi:10.2307/2717517. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2717517.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lerner, Gerda (April 1974). "Early Community Work of Black Club Women". The Journal of Negro History. 59 (2): 158–167. doi:10.2307/2717327. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2717327.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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