Petunioideae

Petunioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Solanaceae, the nightshades. It contains thirteen genera, as follows:[1][2][3][4]

  • Benthamiella Speg. 12 species native to Patagonia: caespitose ("cushion-forming") dwarf shrubs. The species B. pycnophylloides Speg. bears the Spanish common name leña de piedra ("the kindling that grows on rock") in its native Argentina.[5]
  • Bouchetia Dunal 3 neotropical species.
  • Brunfelsia L. Approximately 45 neotropical species. Shrubs with lavender or white flowers with slender tubes and narrow mouths in the centre of broad salver-form corolla lobes. Several species with medicinal and hallucinogenic properties.
  • Combera Sandw. 2 species native to Patagonia: C. paradoxa Sandw. from Argentina (provinces of Neuquén and Rio Negro and adjoining parts of Chile) and C. minima Sandw., a very rare species endemic to the Chilean province of Valdivia. Dwarf herbaceous perennials – alpine xerophytes. C. paradoxa is an attractive plant meriting cultivation as an ornamental, bearing rosettes of dark green leaves contrasting with pale, fragrant flowers borne in profusion. Corollas white, tinged violet, contrasting with showy, bright yellow stamens and narrow-lobed, hairy, purple calyces.[3][5][6]
  • Fabiana Ruiz & Pav. known as pichi or false heath, 15 species from the Andes.
  • Hunzikeria D'Arcy 3 species from the southwestern United States and Mexico.
  • Leptoglossis Benth. 7 species from western South America.
  • Nierembergia Ruiz & Pav. cup flowers, 21 species from South America.
  • Pantacantha Speg. monotypic genus from western Argentina and Patagonia, the single species being Pantacantha ameghinoi Speg.,[7] a low (usually less than 1 m), spiny-leaved shrub bearing small, pale yellow, urceolate ("urn-shaped") flowers attractively striated with purple, native to the south of Mendoza Province in western Argentina and also to the Argentinian provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut. The small, bell-like flowers and linear leaves give the shrub an Erica-like appearance. Common names in its native Argentina: quila or quilla (Spanish quilla translates as "keel" but the plant name may be a Mapuche language homonym with an entirely different meaning).[3][5]
  • Calibrachoa Cerv. ex La Llave & Lex 32 neotropical species segregated from Petunia.
  • Petunia (Juss.) Wijsman 18 species from South America.
  • Plowmania Hunz. & Subils monotypic genus with only 1 species, Plowmania nyctaginoides (Standl.) Hunz. & Subils., (common name Chiapas red trumpet) endemic to the Montane rainforests of southern Mexico and Guatemala. A small, scandent shrub with large and attractive flame-coloured flowers (somewhat reminiscent of those of the better-known ornamental Ipomoea coccinea), cultivated as an ornamental in the United States. First classified as a Brunfelsia (synonym B. nyctaginoides Standl).[3][8] The genus Plowmania is named in honour of ethnobotanist and expert on the genus Brunfelsia, Timothy Plowman (1944–1989).[9]

Petunioideae
Petunia exserta
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Subfamily: Petunioideae
Thorne & Reveal
Type genus
Petunia

The Patagonian genera Benthamiella, Combera and Pantacantha merit referral from subfamily Petunioideae to subfamily Goetzeoideae of the Solanaceae.

Ornamental use

The genera Brunfelsia, Plowmania, Fabiana, Nierembergia and Petunia furnish garden plants bearing attractive flowers. Brunfelsia and Plowmania are genera of tropical shrubs requiring glasshouse protection in temperate climate areas; Fabiana species are hardy shrubs; Nierembergia species are dwarf, hardy herbaceous perennials or sub-shrubs, and Petunia × atkinsiana has yielded a huge variety of flower colours, forms and patterns that have made it a favourite summer bedding plant. Petunia is by far the best-known genus of the subfamily in popular temperate zone horticulture.[10]

Medicinal use
Brunfelsia pauciflora - Brazilian species, grown as pot-plant in glasshouse, Chelsea Physic Garden

Fabiana imbricata (Chilean vernacular name pichi) is used as a diuretic and digestive in the folk medicine of Chile. Studies have revealed it to contain sesquiterpenes possessing gastroprotective properties.[11]

A number of Brunfelsia species have played important roles in the folk medicine of peoples indigenous to South America, having been used to treat conditions as diverse as syphilis, rheumatism, yellow fever and snakebite. The roots are the most effective parts of the plants and possess diuretic and sweat-inducing properties. Medications prepared from Brunfelsia species have the curious effect of producing the sensation of chills, this being the rationale for their folk use in the treatment of fevers.[12]

Hallucinogenic use

Species belonging to the genera Brunfelsia, and Petunia have been employed as entheogens in South America,[12] while the species Nierembergia hippomanica has been reported to have toxic and hallucinogen-like effects upon horses and to have similarities in its chemistry to that of the genus Brunfelsia.[13][14][15]The chemistry of Nierembergia hippomanica is most unusual for that of a plant belonging to the Solanaceae, in that the species contains (among other classes of toxic compounds) phenethylamine proto-alkaloids more usually associated with cacti and grasses: β-Phenylethylamine, N-Methyltyramine, tyramine, and hordenine have been isolated from it.[16]

The unusual epithet hippomanica is a compound of the Greek elements ἵππος ("hippos") horse and μανία ("mania") insanity / frenzy – hence "sending horses insane". Botanist John Miers references in the species name a plant hippomanes of uncertain identity mentioned in the idyll of Theocritus and the works of Theophrastus – so called either because horses were madly fond of it, or because it sent them mad if they fed upon it. The Greek name hippomanes was also referenced in the creation of the genus name Hippomane for an extremely toxic genus in the Euphorbiaceae.[17]

Petunia violacea Lindl. has been reported to be used as a hallucinogen in Ecuador, where it has the vernacular name shanín. The drug is said to cause sensations of levitation and flight – a type of hallucination often associated with the use of the more toxic hallucinogenic plants of the deliriant type, e.g. the tropane-containing Atropa and Hyoscyamus – active constituents of the witches' flying ointments.[18]

  • Benthamiella patagonica, a highly ornamental, caespitose hardy alpine from Patagonia.
  • Brunfelsia australis: part of the ornamental value of Brunfelsia lies in the colour changes occurring in the flowers as they age.
  • Fabiana imbricata f. violacea: the curious genus Fabiana includes species bearing a remarkable likeness to plants of the unrelated genus Erica.
  • Growth habit of Fabiana imbricata, showing similarity to that of the Erica arborea.
  • Nierembergia scoparia the broom-leaved cup flower, an attractive ornamental.
  • Nierembergia repens the creeping cup flower, a dwarf hardy perennial with large flowers – relative to its size.
  • Calibrachoa parviflora: tiny flower and much-reduced hairy leaves seen in extreme close-up.
  • Petunia axillaris: one of the two parent species of the popular summer bedding plant Petunia × atkinsiana.
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gollark: Such as?
gollark: Fascinating.
gollark: The youtube-dl one was harvested nonmirrorously during the incident with youtube-dl.
gollark: The hyperrogue one should be a mirror but I forgot to tick that box.

References
  1. D'Arcy, William G. (1986). Solanaceae. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05780-6.
  2. The Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae edited by Hawkes, J.G., Lester, R.N. and Skelding, A.D. (Linnean Society Symposium Series Number 7) Published for the Linnean Society of London by Academic Press 1979 ISBN 0-12-333150-1
  3. Armando T. Hunziker: The Genera of Solanaceae. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001. ISBN 3-904144-77-4
  4. Olmstead, R.G.; Migid, H.A. (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of the solanaceae". Taxon Taxon. 57 (4): 1159–1181. https://depts.washington.edu/phylo/OlmsteadPubs/Olmstead_et_al_2008.pdf Retrieved 11.41 on 13/3/19
  5. Flora Argentina : Flora Vascular de la República Argentina Volume 13 Solanaceae 1st ed. pub San Isidro : Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, Argentina, 2013, Series ISBN 978-987-28700-0-3 Volume 13 ISBN 978-987-28700-3-4, volume editor-in-chief Gloria E. Barboza.
  6. Marijn van den Brink flower photo website https://photos.v-d-brink.eu/Flora-and-Fauna/South-America/Argentina-South-Patagonia/i-bCsD6H7 Retrieved at 10.44 on 18/3/19.
  7. Leo Ridano Patagonia Argentina photo Pantacantha ameghinoi http://www.patagonia-argentina.photo/foto_tag/ameghinoi/ Retrieved at 11.14 on 15/3/19.
  8. Solanaceae Source : Plowmania http://solanaceaesource.org/solanaceae/plowmania Retrieved 11.46 on 14/3/19.
  9. Lotte Burkhardt: Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen. Erweiterte Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin 2018, https://www.bgbm.org/de/other-publications/verzeichnis-eponymischer-pflanzennamen-erweiterte-edition Retrieved at 19.19 on 14/3/19.
  10. RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
  11. Reyes, Maribel; Schmeda-Hirschmann, Guillermo (2005). "gastroprotective activity of sesquiterpene derivatives from fabiana imbricata". PTR Phytotherapy Research. 19 (12): 1038–1042. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.1784 Retrieved 12.05 on 13/3/19.
  12. Schultes, Richard Evans; Hofmann, Albert (1979). The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens (2nd ed.). Springfield Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, pps. 278-283.
  13. Wink, Michael and Van Wyk, Ben-Erik, Mind-Altering and Poisonous Plants of the World - A Scientifically Accurate Guide to 1200 Toxic and Intoxicating Plants, pub. Timber Press 2008 ISBN 978-0-88192-952-2 page 71 ( note on compound present in both Brunfelsia and Nierembergia ).
  14. eFlora SA : Electronic Flora of South Australia, http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/efsa/lucid/Solanaceae/Solanaceae%20species/key/Australian%20Solanaceae%20species/Media/Html/Nierembergia_hippomanica.htm Retrieved at 12.37 on 13/3/19.
  15. John Miers London Journal of Botany, full text online, page ( heading ? ) 168, https://archive.org/stream/londonjournalbo11hookgoog/londonjournalbo11hookgoog_djvu.txt Retrieved at 13.02 on 13/3/19.
  16. Pomilioa, Alicia B., Falzonia, Elvira M. and Vitaleb, Arturo A., Toxic Chemical Compounds of the Solanaceae, Natural Product Communications Vol. 3 (4) 2008 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X0800300420 Retrieved at 9.50 on 18/7/20.
  17. Theophrastus of Eresus: Sources on biology edited by Robert W. Sharples, Pamela M. Huby, William Wall Fortenbaugh https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X7KbAu6_JJMC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=plant+hippomanes&source=bl&ots=tLt8RWPMU4&sig=ACfU3U0CoKR2hc8ymlfJYJsCoQPTbD0ovg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja14DfqIDhAhWgTxUIHROBBmMQ6AEwHnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=plant%20hippomanes&f=false Retrieved 00.19 on 14/3/19.
  18. Schultes, Richard Evans Hallucinogenic Plants a Golden Guide, pub. Golden Press N.Y., 1976, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number : 74-21666, page 150.
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