Peter Shepherd (British Army officer)

Peter Shepherd (25 August 1841 – 22 January 1879) was a British Army doctor.

Peter Shepherd
Peter Shepherd, Surgeon Major
Born	25 August 1841 Leochel-Cushnie, Aberdeenshire
Died	22 January 1879 Battle of Isandhlwana, Natal, British Empire (now South Africa)
Buried	Isandhlwana, South Africa
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1864–1879
Rank	Surgeon Major
Unit	Royal Army Medical Corps
Battles/wars	Battle of Isandlwana, Anglo-Zulu War
Alma mater	University of Aberdeen
Other work	First aid, ambulance manuals

He was born at Leochel Cushnie, Aberdeenshire. In 1851, he was living at his father’s 50-acre farm Craigmill, with his parents, Peter (aged 50), Mary (aged 38), younger brother James, sister Mary Ann, his 19-year-old cousin Peter, as well as 16-year-old farm labourer John Edwards. He is listed in the census as a "scholar".[1] At 19, he was lodging in 37 Bonaccord[2] Street, Old Machar, Aberdeen and studying medicine at the University of Aberdeen.

He joined the medical service of the Army on 30 September 1864 and was sent to the Cape of Good Hope. He was quartered near Grahamstown, where he treated "Caffres as well as Europeans".[3] His first salaries were used to pay back the friends who had supported his studies. From there, he was posted to Ireland, then India, before being forced to return home in 1872 in poor health and assigned a post at the recently opened[4] Royal Herbert Hospital, Woolwich, London.

He was promoted to Surgeon Major on 30 September 1876[5] whilst still at Woolwich. In 1878, Surgeon-Major Shepherd, together with Colonel Francis Duncan established the concept of teaching first aid skills to civilians. Duncan was a fellow graduate of Aberdeen University, a career artillery officer and a deeply religious man with high humanitarian values who strongly supported the principle of battlefield ambulance transport[6] He later wrote a history of the Royal Artillery and was elected to Parliament as a Conservative. Both Shepherd and Duncan were active members of the Presbyterian Church at Woolwich. Shepherd, together with a Dr Coleman, conducted the first class in the hall of the Presbyterian school in Woolwich using a comprehensive first aid curriculum that he had developed. It was Shepherd who first used the English term "first aid for the injured".[7] Shepherd's last service was to prepare a manual at the request of the Central Ambulance Committee of the "Order of St John of Jerusalem in England, Ambulance Department" for use by Metropolitan Police and other ambulance classes.

He did not have time to revise this work when he received orders to leave for South Africa again. Dr (later Lieutenant General Sir) James Cantlie, another graduate of Aberdeen University, later published Shepherd’s lesson notes from that course as "First Aid To The Injured". It was not long before the newly formed St. John Ambulance was using this manual in other public courses in cities throughout Britain.

In 1879, he was with the troops that crossed Tugela River into the Zulu kingdom. Outmanoeuvred by King Cetshwayo, the troops were ambushed and heavily defeated at the Battle of Isandlwana. Surgeon Major Shepherd attempted to move a wagon of wounded troops back to Rorke’s Drift. The ambulance never made it out of this area and was overrun. The wagon could be seen for months.[8] The wounded soldiers were hauled out and killed.

There is no grave marker for Peter Shepherd at Isandlwana. Shepherd was attending to George MacLeroy of the Natal Carbineers; eyewitness Andrew Muirhead stated that Shepherd was killed by a thrown assegai shortly afterwards.[9] Surgeon Major Shepherd's pony was recognised later by Surgeon Major Reynolds VC as it was ridden back to the camp at Rorke's Drift by a native soldier.[10]

A memorial brass was placed on the wall of the Royal Victoria Hospital Chapel at Netley with the inscription "In memory of Peter Shepherd, M.B., University of Aberdeen, Surgeon-Major Her Majesty's Army; born at Leochel Cushnie, Aberdeenshire, 25 August 1841; who sacrificed his own life at the battle of Isandhlwane, Zululand, 22 January 1879, in the endeavour to save the life of a wounded comrade. Erected by his brother officers and friends."[11] The committee that arranged the Shepherd Memorial for the Netley Chapel also placed a marble tablet to his memory in the graveyard of Leochel Cushnie Church and founded a "Shepherd Gold Medal" to be competed for annually as a surgical prize in the University of Aberdeen.

See also

• Royal Army Medical Corps

References

1. 1851 Census
2. There is a Bon Accord Street in Aberdeen now but it was written as one word in 1861
3. Obituary in "Aberdeen Journal" Thursday 13 February 1879
4. It had opened on 1 November 1865
5. University of Aberdeen roll call of graduates 1860–1900
6. Colonel Vlas Efstathis (November 1999). "A history of first aid and its role in armed forces". ADF Health Journal. 1 (1): 42–44.
7. John Pearn (1994). "The earliest days of first aid". BMJ. 309 (6970): 1718–20. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6970.1718. PMC 2542683. PMID 7820000.
8. website "the battle of Isandlwana" Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
9. The sad death of Surgeon Major Shepherd at Isandlwana. The Lancet 8 March 1879. As related by an eye-witness, Mr. Muirhead, Natal Carbineers, The Journal of the Anglo Zulu War Historical Society [25] (June 2009)
10. account of the subsequent battle at Rorke's Drift by Surgeon Major Reynolds
11. Shinkwin, T. C. (10 July 1880). "Military and Naval Medical Services". The British Medical Journal. 2 (1019): 70. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1019.70. PMC 2241072.