Peroxydisulfate

The peroxydisulfate ion, S
2O2−
8, is an oxyanion. It is commonly referred to as the persulfate ion or peroxodisulfate anions,[1] but this term also refers to the peroxomonosulfate ion, SO2−
5. Approximately 500,000 tons of salts containing this anion are produced annually. Important salts include sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), and ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8). These salts are colourless, water-soluble solids that are strong oxidants.[2]

A ball-and-stick model of the peroxodisulfate anion
The structure of the peroxodisulfate anion

Applications

Salts of peroxydisulfate are mainly used to initiate the polymerization of various alkenes, including styrene, acrylonitrile, and fluoroalkenes. Polymerization is initiated by the homolysis of the peroxydisulfate:

[O3SO–OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−

Moreover, sodium peroxydisulfate can be used for soil and groundwater remediation, water and wastewater treatment, and etching of copper on circuit boards.[3][1]

It has also been used to produce hair lighteners and bleaches, medical drugs, cellophane, rubber, soaps, detergents, adhesive papers, dyes for textiles, and in photography.[1]

In addition to its major commercial applications, peroxydisulfate participates in reactions of interest in the laboratory:

gollark: Oh yes, right, you have multiple strings.
gollark: 2**61 didn't work.
gollark: I don't think it beats me just hardcoding `2**61-1`.
gollark: (I still have mgollark, they are just not used)
gollark: Idea: mgollark™ runs the server.

References
  1. Shafiee, Saiful Arifin; Aarons, Jolyon; Hamzah, Hairul Hisham (2018). "Electroreduction of Peroxodisulfate: A Review of a Complicated Reaction". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. ECS. 165 (13): H785–H798. doi:10.1149/2.1161811jes.
  2. Harald Jakob, Stefan Leininger, Thomas Lehmann, Sylvia Jacobi, Sven Gutewort. "Peroxo Compounds, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_177.pub2.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. Wacławek, S., Lutze, H. V., Grübel, K., Padil, V.V.T., Černík, M., Dionysiou, D.D. (2017) (2017). "Chemistry of persulfates in water and wastewater treatment: A review". Chemical Engineering Journal. 330: 44–62. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.132.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


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