People's Daily

The People's Daily (simplified Chinese: 人民日报; traditional Chinese: 人民日報; pinyin: Rénmín Rìbào) is the largest newspaper group in China. The paper is an official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,[2][3] published worldwide with a circulation of 3 million. In addition to its main Chinese-language edition, it has editions in English, Spanish, Japanese, French, Russian, Portuguese, Arabic, Tibetan, Kazakh, Uyghur, Zhuang, Mongolian, and other minority languages in China. The newspaper provides direct information on the policies and viewpoints of the Chinese Communist Party.

For the Nigerian newspaper, see Peoples Daily (Nigeria).

People's Daily
人民日报

Front page on 1 October 1949 (the day the PRC was established)
Type	Daily newspaper
Owner(s)	Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
Publisher	Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
Founded	15 June 1948 (1948-06-15)
Political alignment	Chinese Communist Party
Language	Chinese and others
Headquarters	No. 2 Jintai Xilu, Chaoyang District, Beijing
Country	China
Circulation	3 million[1]
Website	www.people.cn (Mandarin Chinese) en.people.cn (English)
Media of China List of newspapers

People's Daily
Simplified Chinese	人民日报
Traditional Chinese	人民日報
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Rénmín Rìbào Wade–Giles Jen-min Jih-pao

History

The paper was established on 15 June 1948 and was published in Pingshan, Hebei, until its offices were moved to Beijing in March 1949. Ever since its founding, the People's Daily has been under direct control of the Party's top leadership. Deng Tuo and Wu Lengxi served as editor-in-chief from 1948–1958 and 1958–1966, respectively, but the paper was in fact controlled by Mao's personal secretary Hu Qiaomu.[4]

During the Cultural Revolution, the People's Daily was one of the few sources of information from which either foreigners or Chinese could figure out what the Chinese government was doing or planning to do. During this period, an editorial in the People's Daily would be considered an authoritative statement of government policy, was studied and reproduced nationwide, and analyzed globally for insight into the Party's plans. The most important editorials were jointly published by People's Daily, People's Liberation Army Daily and Red Flag, from 1967 to 1978, so called "Two newspapers and one journal" (两报一刊), directly representing the highest voice of Chinese Communist Party.[5]

Newspaper articles in the People's Daily are often not read for content so much as placement. A large number of articles devoted to a political figure or idea is often taken as a sign that the mentioned official or subject is rising. Likewise with articles on geographical areas foreign or domestic; recently increased interest in Latin America has been shown.

Editorials in the People's Daily are regarded both by foreign observers and Chinese readers as authoritative statements of official government policy, and are therefore studied with care. Distinction is made between editorials, commentaries, and opinions. Although all must be government approved, they differ sharply on the amount of official authoritativeness they contain by design – from the top. For example, although an opinion piece is unlikely to contain views opposed to those of the government, it may express a viewpoint, or it may contain a debate that is under consideration and reflect only the opinions of the writer: an editorial trial balloon to assess internal public opinion. By contrast, an official editorial, which is rather infrequent, means that the government has reached a final decision on an issue.

During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the People's Daily editorial of 26 April, which condemned "unlawful parades and demonstrations," marked a significant moment in the newspaper's history.[6] The editorial increased tension between the government and protesters, and top CPC leaders argued about whether to revise it. An article that compiles the most important editorials was released by the People's Daily during the student movement.

Since the mid-1990s, the People's Daily has faced a decline of governmental subsidies combined with increasing competition from international news sources and Chinese tabloids. As part of its effort to modernize, it began an online edition in 1997, and the web bulletin forums, such as the Strengthening Nation Forum in the Chinese edition, has been known for their surprisingly candid content.

An analysis of the wording of all the issues of the People's Daily from 1995 to 2000 was used in the writing of The First Series of Standardized Forms of Words with Non-standardized Variant Forms.[7]^:3

The People's Daily is also responsible for the publication Global Times,[8] and hosts the Strengthening Nation Forum on its website.[9]

Writing practices

The People's Daily employs "writing task groups" (Chinese: 写作小组; pinyin: xiězuò xiǎozǔ) of various staff to compose editorial pieces to signal the significance of certain pieces or their relationship to the official views of the Communist Party.[10] These groups are published under "signatures" (i.e., pen names: 署名 shǔmíng) that may correspond with the topic and weight of a piece, and what specific government or Communist Party body is backing it, often with homophonous references to their purpose.[11] They may be used frequently over many years or only for a few specific pieces.

Selected notable People's Daily pen names

Pen name	Etymology/symbolism	Usage	Example articles	Ref
Ren Zhongping 任仲平	From 人民日报重要评论 Rénmín Rìbào zhòngyào pínglùn 'important People's Daily commentary'	Used to represent the view of the People's Daily as an organization.	"Hong Kong scores brilliant achievements after return", June 2017 "Keeping original aspiration, CPC creates glorious achievements", September 2019	[12][10]
Zhong Sheng 钟声	Homophone of 中声 Zhōng shēng 'voice of China'	Commentary on major international affairs by editors and staff.	"U.S. practice to claim compensation for COVID-19 outbreak a shame for human civilization", May 2020	[11][13]
Guo Jiping 国纪平	From 有关国际的重要评论 yǒuguān guójì de zhòngyào pínglùn 'important commentary on international [matters]'	According to China Daily, Guo Jiping is "used for People's Daily editorials meant to outline China's stance and viewpoints on major international issues."[14] Guo Jiping articles are rarer and generally longer than Zhong Sheng articles.	"Losing no time in progressing—grasping the historic opportunity for common development", December 2019	[13]
Guo Ping 国平	Unclear. Guó means 'country' and píng 'peace, calm'. Píng is also the last character in Xi Jinping's name.	Articles that focus on Xi Jinping and his political thought.	"在改革中更好掌握当代中国命运: 六论习近平总书记治国理政新思想新成就" ("Better Grasp Contemporary China's Destiny during Reform: On the New Thought and New Achievements of Xi Jinping in Governing the Country"), February 2016	[15]
Zhong Zuwen 仲祖文	From 中共中央组织部文章 Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Zǔzhībù wénzhāng 'articles from the Central Party Organization Department'	Pieces from the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China, covering topics related to the Party principles and ideology.	"Moral standards for officials' personal life necessary", July 2010	[10][15]
Zheng Qingyuan 郑青原	Taken from the saying 正本清源 zhèngběn qīngyuán 'clarify matters and get to the bottom of things'.	Used to comment on political reform, particularly in attacking Western-style liberal democracy.[16] A writer from the Beijing Morning Post (now part of The Beijing News) speculated that it represented the Politburo in an article that was taken down within a day in China.	"China to promote reform with greater resolve, courage", October 2010	[10]
Tang Xiaowen 唐晓文	Similar to 党校文 dǎngxiào wén 'Party School writing'	Central Party School editorials written during the Cultural Revolution by a group under the leadership of Kang Sheng.	”孔子是’全民教育家‘吗？“ ("Is Confucius really an 'educator for the entire people'?"), September 1973	[17]
Special guest commentator 特约评论员	Briefly realized as Yue Ping 岳平, from tèyuē pínglùnyuán	Used from March 1978 to December 1985 to republish select articles from the internal Party periodical Theoretical Trends (理论动态) under the direction of Hu Yaobang.	“实践是检验真理的唯一标准” ("Actual Practice is the Sole Criterion for Judging Truth"), May 1978 (originally published in Guangming Daily)	[18]

Online version

The People's Daily also maintains a multilingual internet presence; and established the People's Daily Online (人民网) in 1997.[19]

The internet website of People's Daily includes pages in Arabic, French, Russian, Spanish, Japanese and English. In comparison to the original Chinese version, the foreign-language version offers less in-depth discussion of domestic policies and affairs and more editorial about China's foreign policies and motives, often explaining China's positive intentions.[20]

In 2014 the newspaper launched a Chinese-language application which was followed on October 15, 2017 by an English-language version.[21]

Overseas media platforms

People's Daily in recent years has been expanding its publicity on the overseas social media platforms. It has tens of millions followers on its Facebook page, Twitter account, Instagram account, and YouTube account. However, an unusually high proportion of its followers are virtually inactive and likely to be fake users, according to the study of Committee to Protect Journalists.[22]

There have been calls for the People's Daily to register as a foreign agent under the Foreign Agents Registration Act in U.S.[23] In 2020, the United States Department of State designated the People's Daily a "foreign mission," thereby requiring it to disclose more information about its operations in the U.S.[24][25][26][27]

List of presidents

• Zhang Panshi (张磐石)
• Hu Qiaomu (胡乔木)
• Fan Changjiang (范长江)
• Deng Tuo (邓拓)
• Wu Lengxi (吴冷西)
• Chen Boda (陈伯达)
• Hu Jiwei (胡绩伟)
• Qin Chuan (秦川)
• Qian Liren (钱李仁)
• Gao Di (高狄)
• Shao Huaze (邵华泽)
• Bai Keming (白克明)
• Xu Zhongtian (许中田)
• Wang Chen (王晨)
• Zhang Yannong (张研农)
• Yang Zhengwu (杨振武)
• Li Baoshan (李宝善)

See also

• China News Service
• Xinwen Lianbo, the news program of China Central Television
• Global Times
• Media of the People's Republic of China
• People's Daily during the 1989 Student Movement
• Qiushi
• Reference News
• Rodong Sinmun, the North Korean counterpart publication
• Strengthening Nation Forum
• Xinhua News Agency
• Yang Gang, deputy chief editor who committed suicide during the Anti-Rightist Movement

References

1. "About us". People's Daily Online. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
2. Fish, Eric. "China's Angriest Newspaper Doesn't Speak for China". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
3. "Q&A: China's newspaper industry". BBC News. 11 January 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
4. "Historian: Hu Qiaomu". Chinese Revolution. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
5. "Archived copy" “两报一刊社论”两次泄露中共最大机密. huanqiu.com (in Chinese). 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
6. "April 26 Editorial". Tsquare.tv. 26 April 1989. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
7. 国家语言文字工作委员会 (20 April 2016). "Archived copy" 第一批异形词整理表（试行） (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
8. Tania Branigan in Beijing (20 April 2009). "Guardian Article". Guardian Article. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
9. "Strengthening Nation Forum". People's Daily. 27 June 2008. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
10. Banurski, David (5 November 2010). "Who is 'Zheng Qingyuan'?". China Media Project. University of Hong Kong Journalism & Media Studies Centre.
11. Gitter, David; Fang, Leah (2018). "The Chinese Communist Party's Use of Homophonous Pen Names: An Open-Source Open Secret". Asia Policy. 25 (1): 69–112. doi:10.1353/asp.2018.0009. ISSN 1559-2960.
12. "人民日报记者揭秘'任仲平'背后的故事 [People's Daily Reporters Reveal Story behind 'Ren Zhongping']". People's Daily. 28 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
13. "吴长生、王恬详细介绍"国纪平"和"钟声"". People's Daily. 6 February 2009. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
14. Guo, Jiping (31 December 2019). "Losing no time in progressing—grasping the historic opportunity for common development". China Daily. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
15. "2014中国互联网年度人物名单揭晓 "国平"成唯一入选且获奖的群体". Guancha News. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
16. Godement, François (2015). Contemporary China: Between Mao and Market. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 112. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
17. "康生死前為何會揭發江青：老謀深算 善於投機 [Why Would Kang Sheng Expose Jiang Qing before his Death? Scheming, Foresight, and Opportunism". People's Daily (in Chinese). 16 October 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
18. Wu, Guangxiang. "胡耀邦与"特约评论员"署名". News of the Communist Party of China. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
19. "A Loyal Customer: People's Daily and Beijing". Wall Street Journal. 10 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
20. Chinese and English versions of China's leading news portals – Two styles of journalism Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Thinking Chinese Archived 26 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, August 2011.
21. Chen, Liubing (陈柳兵) (15 October 2017). "People's Daily expands reach with English-language news app – China – Chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
22. Christian Shepherd.(2015-11-23).Twitter tally at People's Daily does not add up, say researchers Archived 19 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Financial Times.
23. "U.S. panel accuses Chinese journalists of spying for Beijing". CNN Money. 16 November 2017. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
24. Jakes, Lara; Myers, Steven Lee (18 February 2020). "U.S. Designates China's Official Media as Operatives of the Communist State". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
25. O’Keeffe, Kate; Jonathan, Cheng (19 February 2020). "State Department Names Five Chinese Media Outlets as Foreign Missions in U.S." The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
26. "US tightens rules on Chinese state media over 'propaganda' concerns". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 18 February 2020. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
27. Wong, Edward (22 June 2020). "U.S. Designates Four More Chinese News Organizations as Foreign Missions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

Further reading

• Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp 264–72
• Wu Guoguang. "Command Communication: The Politics of Editorial Formulation in the People's Daily". China Quarterly 137:194–211.
• 人民日报基本情况 [Basic facts about the People's Daily]. People's Daily (in Chinese). 14 May 2003.

External links

• People's Daily Home Page (in Chinese)
  • People's Daily English Edition
• Today's People's Daily front page at the Newseum website